猶太教四大聖城

猶太教四大聖城（希伯來語：ארבע ערי הקודש‎, 意第緒語：פיר רוס שטעט‎）是16世紀奧斯曼帝國征服巴勒斯坦之後猶太人對於猶太教義中心的四座主要城市的合稱，包含耶路撒冷、希伯侖、采法特和提比里亞四城。「聖城」這一稱謂可以追溯至16世紀40年代，當時在猶太人的語境中指代的是耶路撒冷、希伯侖、采法特三座城市，提比里亞則在稍晚的17世紀40年代才被列入這一範疇。^[1]

由來

根據1906年《猶太百科全書》記載：「自16世紀開始，聖地的神聖性……基本上均是指代四座城市——耶路撒冷、希伯侖、提比里亞和采法特。」^[2]

耶路撒冷：從公元前10世紀被大衛王挑選為所羅門聖殿的所在地以來，耶路撒冷便一直是猶太人的至聖之城，也是猶太教的精神中心。^[3]如今，耶路撒冷是以色列國立法認定的「永遠的和不可分割的首都」。^[4]
希伯侖：猶太人先祖（英語：Patriarchs (Bible)）亞伯拉罕、撒拉、以撒、利百加、雅各、利亞皆埋葬於此地。對於傳統的猶太人而言，希伯侖歷來是除耶路撒冷之外最為神聖的城市。希伯來聖經記載，希伯侖是先人購買土地的三城（亞伯拉罕從赫人處購買希伯侖東方的田和洞；大衛王從耶布斯人亞勞拿處購買耶路撒冷的禾場；雅各從哈抹的子孫處購買示劍城牆外的土地）之一。歷史上，希伯侖還是大衛王統治時期最早的都城。
采法特：公元1492年，完成收復失地運動之後的西班牙帝國頒布驅逐猶太人的阿蘭布拉宮詔書。隨即，采法特收納了大量從西方湧來的西班牙猶太人，並被視為神聖之城。另外，采法特也以卡巴拉學識中心而聞名。
提比里亞：作為耶路撒冷猶太法典（英語：Jerusalem Talmud）的編纂地以及馬所拉文士的中心，提比里亞在猶太人歷史上有着顯著意義，但其成為「聖城」緣於諸多猶太拉比於此地的匯聚，到18至19世紀，提比里亞已然成為猶太學術中心。根據猶太傳統認為，救贖會將臨於提比里亞，猶太公會也會在此重建，而彌賽亞將在提比里亞的湖中崛起，並在采法特的高山之巔加冕為王。^[5]^[6]

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參考資料

[1]
Wigoder, Geoffrey (編). The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Macmillan: 768. 1989. Term applied to the Erets Israel cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. These were the four main centers of Jewish life after the Ottoman conquest of 1516. The concept of the holy cities dates only from the 1640s, when the Jewish communities of Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed organized an association to improve the system of fundraising in the Diaspora. Previously, such fundraising had been undertaken by individual institutions; now it was agreed that the emissaries would be sent on behalf of each urban Jewish community as a whole, with not more than one emissary per town. After Tiberias was refounded in 1740, it also joined the association. This arrangement did not last long, however, and by the mid-19th century there was no authority strong enough to enforce a centralized collection of ḥalukkah funds. The term "Four Holy Cities" became a convenient designation by historians rather than the title of an actual functioning body. In Jewish tradition, going back to ancient times, the only city regarded as holy is Jerusalem
[2]
Palestine, Holiness Of （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Joseph Jacobs, Judah David Eisenstein. Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
[3]
Why Do Jews Love Jerusalem? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Yeruchem Eilfort. Chabad.org/ Ideas & Beliefs/Questions & Answers/Mitzvot & Jewish Customs
[4]
耶路撒冷地位. 以色列外交部. 1999-03-14 [2007-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-02）.
[5]
Dov Noy; Dan Ben-Amos; Ellen Frankel. Folktales of the Jews: Tales from the Sephardic dispersion. Jewish Publication Society. November 2006: 66 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8276-0829-0. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）.
[6]
Henry W. Bellows. The Old World in Its New Face: Impressions of Europe in 1867-1868, Volume II. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 337 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-559-64379-8.

[EOJ-1] [1]
Wigoder, Geoffrey (編). The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Macmillan: 768. 1989. Term applied to the Erets Israel cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. These were the four main centers of Jewish life after the Ottoman conquest of 1516. The concept of the holy cities dates only from the 1640s, when the Jewish communities of Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed organized an association to improve the system of fundraising in the Diaspora. Previously, such fundraising had been undertaken by individual institutions; now it was agreed that the emissaries would be sent on behalf of each urban Jewish community as a whole, with not more than one emissary per town. After Tiberias was refounded in 1740, it also joined the association. This arrangement did not last long, however, and by the mid-19th century there was no authority strong enough to enforce a centralized collection of ḥalukkah funds. The term "Four Holy Cities" became a convenient designation by historians rather than the title of an actual functioning body. In Jewish tradition, going back to ancient times, the only city regarded as holy is Jerusalem

[2] [2]
Palestine, Holiness Of （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Joseph Jacobs, Judah David Eisenstein. Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.

[3] [3]
Why Do Jews Love Jerusalem? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Yeruchem Eilfort. Chabad.org/ Ideas & Beliefs/Questions & Answers/Mitzvot & Jewish Customs

[4] [4]
耶路撒冷地位. 以色列外交部. 1999-03-14 [2007-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-02）.

[NoyBen-Amos2006-5] [5]
Dov Noy; Dan Ben-Amos; Ellen Frankel. Folktales of the Jews: Tales from the Sephardic dispersion. Jewish Publication Society. November 2006: 66 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8276-0829-0. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）.

[Bellows2008-6] [6]
Henry W. Bellows. The Old World in Its New Face: Impressions of Europe in 1867-1868, Volume II. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 337 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-559-64379-8.

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