戰士

戰士是專門以從事戰鬥為業的人，包括軍人和傭兵等。^[1]^[2]除了是一種角色或職業，在某些社會中也是階級或種性。在國家形成之前的社會就已經有戰士存在。在文明社會裡,由於戰士的生活完全是靠非戰士的勞動來維持,因而前者的數量從來也就不可能超過後者所能負擔的數量,不能超過後者在維持適合於他們自身身份的生活以及他們必須負擔的行政和司法官吏的生活的費用之後所能負擔的數量。

[1]
教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. [2018-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-21）.
[2]
Warrior | Definition of Warrior by Merriam-Webster. [2018-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-27）.
[3]
Bruno Mugnai; Christopher Flaherty. Der Lange Türkenkrieg (1593-1606): The long Turkish War. Soldiershop. 23 September 2014: 47. ISBN 978-88-96519-91-2.
[4]
Nicholas Charles Pappas. Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. Stanford University. 1982: 99 [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-28）.
[5]
Craig, Matthew. Ashigaru - Samurai Combat in the Age of the Country at War. Junkhouse. : 48 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781300185680. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-27）.
[6]
Johnson, E. Patrick; Riviera, Ramon H. Blacktino Queer Performance. Duke University Press. 2016-05-19. ISBN 9780822374657.
[7]
Emerson, Caryl. The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 71. ISBN 9781139471688.
[8]
Crummy, Robert. Aristocrats and Servitors: The Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613-1689. Princeton University Press. 2014: 12. ISBN 9781400853694.
[9]
Head, Duncan "Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC" (1982), p140.
[10]
Tucker, Phillip. Death at the Little Bighorn: A New Look at Custer, His Tactics, and the Tragic Decisions Made at the Last Stand. Skyhorse Publishing. 2017: Chapter 2 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781634508063.
[11]
Lenman, B., Anderson, T. Chambers Dictionary of World History, p. 200
[12]
Coker, Christopher. The Warrior Ethos: Military Culture and the War on Terror. Routledge. 2007. ISBN 9781134096350.
[13]
Grant, R.G. Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. 2007-09-17: 78. ISBN 9780756644031.
[14]
Preston, Claire. Bee. Reaktion Books. 2006: 118 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781861892560.
[15]
Hoig, Stan. The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes. University of Oklahoma Press. Jul 31, 1990: 85 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9780806122625. Dog soldier warrior.
[16]
Sohail H. Hashmi. Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges. Oxford University Press, USA. 3 July 2012: 196. ISBN 978-0-19-975503-5.
[17]
Suraiya Faroqhi. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 28 April 1997: 437–438 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-03）.
[18]
Kumar, Ram. Martyred but Not Tamed: The Politics of Resistance in the Middle East. SAGE Publishing India. 2012. ISBN 9788132117254.
[19]
Chartrand, Rene; Durham, Keith; Harrison, Mark; Heath, Ian. The Vikings. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016: 43 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781472813220.
[20]
L. Alcock. Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 2003: 56. ISBN 0-903903-24-5.
[21]
Marinatos, Nanno. My library My History Books on Google Play Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion. Routledge. 2002: 2–82. ISBN 1134601476.
[22]
Neer, Richard T. Greek art and archaeology : a new history, c. 2500-c. 150 BCE. New York. 2012: 95. ISBN 9780500288771. OCLC 745332893.
[23]
A. Samad Ahmad. Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1979: 44–45. ISBN 983-62-5601-6.
[24]
Rutt, p. 22
[25]
Hicks, Jim. The Persians. Time-Life Books. 1975.
[26]
Sánchez-Murillo, R. (2012). La palabra universal. Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from link 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-10-29..
[27]
Cleveland, Bunton, William, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. 2013: 43. ISBN 978-0-8133-4833-9.
[28]
Das, Sonia N. Linguistic Rivalries: Tamil Migrants and Anglo-Franco Conflicts. Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780190461782 （英語）.
[29]
Pārati, Paktavatcala. Coromandel fishermen: an ethnography of Paṭṭaṇavar subcaste. Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. 1999: 9. ISBN 9788185452098 （英語）.
[30]
Purnima Dhavan. When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. 3 November 2011: 3– [2020-09-23]. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-03）.
[31]
David Christian A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, p.396
[32]
Timothy May. The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 7 November 2016: 221 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 978-1-61069-340-0. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-04）.
[33]
D'A. J. D. Boulton, "Classic Knighthood as Nobiliary Dignity", in Stephen Church, Ruth Harvey (ed.), Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994, Boydell & Brewer, 1995, pp. 41–100.
[34]
Frank Anthony Carl Mantello, A. G. Rigg, Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide, UA Press, 1996, p. 448.
[35]
Charlton Thomas Lewis, An elementary Latin dictionary, Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 505.
[36]
Fowler, Hinduism (1997)，第19–20頁.
[37]
Adhikari, Indra. Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. 2015-06-12 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 9781317589068. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-31）.
[38]
Cohn, Marc. The Mathematics of the Calendar. 2007: 60. ISBN 978-1430324966.
[39]
Chambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7858-1567-9.
[40]
Christopher Tyerman. God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin Books Limited. 2007: 156. ISBN 978-0-14-190431-3.
[41]
Hardgrave, Robert L. The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. 1969: 279 （英語）. maravar.
[42]
Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000. census.gov. US Census Bureau. [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-23）.
[43]
Lusted, Marcia Amidon (2017). Genghis Khan and the Building of the Mongol Empire. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 32. ISBN 9781499463521.
[44]
McGilvray, Dennis B. Tamils and Moors: caste and matriclan structure in eastern Sri Lanka. University of Chicago. 1974: 95 （英語）.
[45]
Fisher, Michael. Visions of Mughal India: An Anthology of European Travel Writing. I.B Taurus and Co. 2007: 26. ISBN 978-1-84511-354-4.
[46]
Ratti & Westbrook 1991，第325頁
[47]
Mazumder, Rajit K. The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. : 99, 105.
[48]
Bayly, Susan. Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge University Press. 2004-04-22: 25. ISBN 9780521891035 （英語）.
[49]
Shome, Ayan. Dialogue & Daggers:Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate 1192 C.E.-1316 C.E.. November 2014: 167 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 9789384318468. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-27）.
[50]
"Samurai (Japanese warrior) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Encyclopædia Britannica.
[51]
Marjeta Šašel Kos. Appian and Illyricum. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. 2005: 144. ISBN 978-961-6169-36-3.
[52]
Mines, Mattison. The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade and Territory in South India. Cambridge University Press. 1984: 13. ISBN 9780521267144 （英語）.
[53]
Chlumsky, Nathan. Inside Kungfu: Chinese Martial Arts Encyclopedia. 2015-05-06: 19. ISBN 9781329119420.
[54]
The article Sköldmö （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） in Nordisk familjebok (1917).
[55]
Hans Delbrück. Medieval Warfare: History of the Art of War. University of Nebraska Press. 1990: 474. ISBN 978-0-8032-6585-1.
[56]
Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
[57]
Harley, T. Rutherford. The Public School of Sparta, Greece & Rome, Vol. 3, No. 9 (May 1934) pp. 129-139.).
[58]
Edgar Sanderson; John Porter Lamberton; Charles Morris. Six Thousand Years of History: Famous warriors. T. Nolan. 1909: 6.
[59]
Suraiya Faroqhi. Travel and Artisans in the Ottoman Empire: Employment and Mobility in the Early Modern Era. I.B.Tauris. 30 January 2014: 11. ISBN 978-1-78076-481-8.
[60]
Holt, John. The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. 2011-04-13: 86. ISBN 9780822349822 （英語）.
[61]
Pivot politics: changing cultural identities in early state formation processes. Het Spinhuis. 1994: 165. ISBN 9789055890071 （英語）.
[62]
Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. 1985: 644.
[63]
Karl Bihlmeyer; Hermann Tüchle. Church History: The Middle Ages. Newman Press. 1967: 26 [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-05）.

[1] [1]
教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. [2018-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-21）.

[2] [2]
Warrior | Definition of Warrior by Merriam-Webster. [2018-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-27）.

[3] [3]
Bruno Mugnai; Christopher Flaherty. Der Lange Türkenkrieg (1593-1606): The long Turkish War. Soldiershop. 23 September 2014: 47. ISBN 978-88-96519-91-2.

[Pappas1982-4] [4]
Nicholas Charles Pappas. Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. Stanford University. 1982: 99 [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-28）.

[5] [5]
Craig, Matthew. Ashigaru - Samurai Combat in the Age of the Country at War. Junkhouse. : 48 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781300185680. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-27）.

[6] [6]
Johnson, E. Patrick; Riviera, Ramon H. Blacktino Queer Performance. Duke University Press. 2016-05-19. ISBN 9780822374657.

[7] [7]
Emerson, Caryl. The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 71. ISBN 9781139471688.

[8] [8]
Crummy, Robert. Aristocrats and Servitors: The Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613-1689. Princeton University Press. 2014: 12. ISBN 9781400853694.

[9] [9]
Head, Duncan "Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC" (1982), p140.

[10] [10]
Tucker, Phillip. Death at the Little Bighorn: A New Look at Custer, His Tactics, and the Tragic Decisions Made at the Last Stand. Skyhorse Publishing. 2017: Chapter 2 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781634508063.

[11] [11]
Lenman, B., Anderson, T. Chambers Dictionary of World History, p. 200

[12] [12]
Coker, Christopher. The Warrior Ethos: Military Culture and the War on Terror. Routledge. 2007. ISBN 9781134096350.

[auto1-13] [13]
Grant, R.G. Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. 2007-09-17: 78. ISBN 9780756644031.

[14] [14]
Preston, Claire. Bee. Reaktion Books. 2006: 118 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781861892560.

[15] [15]
Hoig, Stan. The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes. University of Oklahoma Press. Jul 31, 1990: 85 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9780806122625. Dog soldier warrior.

[16] [16]
Sohail H. Hashmi. Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges. Oxford University Press, USA. 3 July 2012: 196. ISBN 978-0-19-975503-5.

[17] [17]
Suraiya Faroqhi. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 28 April 1997: 437–438 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-03）.

[18] [18]
Kumar, Ram. Martyred but Not Tamed: The Politics of Resistance in the Middle East. SAGE Publishing India. 2012. ISBN 9788132117254.

[19] [19]
Chartrand, Rene; Durham, Keith; Harrison, Mark; Heath, Ian. The Vikings. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016: 43 [3 February 2018]. ISBN 9781472813220.

[20] [20]
L. Alcock. Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 2003: 56. ISBN 0-903903-24-5.

[21] [21]
Marinatos, Nanno. My library My History Books on Google Play Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion. Routledge. 2002: 2–82. ISBN 1134601476.

[22] [22]
Neer, Richard T. Greek art and archaeology : a new history, c. 2500-c. 150 BCE. New York. 2012: 95. ISBN 9780500288771. OCLC 745332893.

[23] [23]
A. Samad Ahmad. Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1979: 44–45. ISBN 983-62-5601-6.

[24] [24]
Rutt, p. 22

[25] [25]
Hicks, Jim. The Persians. Time-Life Books. 1975.

[Sanchez-26] [26]
Sánchez-Murillo, R. (2012). La palabra universal. Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from link 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-10-29..

[27] [27]
Cleveland, Bunton, William, Martin. A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. 2013: 43. ISBN 978-0-8133-4833-9.

[28] [28]
Das, Sonia N. Linguistic Rivalries: Tamil Migrants and Anglo-Franco Conflicts. Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780190461782 （英語）.

[29] [29]
Pārati, Paktavatcala. Coromandel fishermen: an ethnography of Paṭṭaṇavar subcaste. Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. 1999: 9. ISBN 9788185452098 （英語）.

[30] [30]
Purnima Dhavan. When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. 3 November 2011: 3– [2020-09-23]. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-03）.

[31] [31]
David Christian A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, p.396

[32] [32]
Timothy May. The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 7 November 2016: 221 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 978-1-61069-340-0. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-04）.

[33] [33]
D'A. J. D. Boulton, "Classic Knighthood as Nobiliary Dignity", in Stephen Church, Ruth Harvey (ed.), Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994, Boydell & Brewer, 1995, pp. 41–100.

[34] [34]
Frank Anthony Carl Mantello, A. G. Rigg, Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide, UA Press, 1996, p. 448.

[35] [35]
Charlton Thomas Lewis, An elementary Latin dictionary, Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 505.

[FOOTNOTEFowler,_Hinduism199719–20-36] [36]
Fowler, Hinduism (1997)，第19–20頁.

[37] [37]
Adhikari, Indra. Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. 2015-06-12 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 9781317589068. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-31）.

[38] [38]
Cohn, Marc. The Mathematics of the Calendar. 2007: 60. ISBN 978-1430324966.

[39] [39]
Chambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7858-1567-9.

[40] [40]
Christopher Tyerman. God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin Books Limited. 2007: 156. ISBN 978-0-14-190431-3.

[41] [41]
Hardgrave, Robert L. The Nadars of Tamilnad. University of California Press. 1969: 279 （英語）. maravar.

[42] [42]
Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000. census.gov. US Census Bureau. [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-23）.

[43] [43]
Lusted, Marcia Amidon (2017). Genghis Khan and the Building of the Mongol Empire. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 32. ISBN 9781499463521.

[44] [44]
McGilvray, Dennis B. Tamils and Moors: caste and matriclan structure in eastern Sri Lanka. University of Chicago. 1974: 95 （英語）.

[45] [45]
Fisher, Michael. Visions of Mughal India: An Anthology of European Travel Writing. I.B Taurus and Co. 2007: 26. ISBN 978-1-84511-354-4.

[ratti_1991_325-46] [46]
Ratti & Westbrook 1991，第325頁

[47] [47]
Mazumder, Rajit K. The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. : 99, 105.

[48] [48]
Bayly, Susan. Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge University Press. 2004-04-22: 25. ISBN 9780521891035 （英語）.

[49] [49]
Shome, Ayan. Dialogue & Daggers:Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate 1192 C.E.-1316 C.E.. November 2014: 167 [2020-09-23]. ISBN 9789384318468. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-27）.

[50] [50]
"Samurai (Japanese warrior) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[51] [51]
Marjeta Šašel Kos. Appian and Illyricum. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. 2005: 144. ISBN 978-961-6169-36-3.

[52] [52]
Mines, Mattison. The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade and Territory in South India. Cambridge University Press. 1984: 13. ISBN 9780521267144 （英語）.

[53] [53]
Chlumsky, Nathan. Inside Kungfu: Chinese Martial Arts Encyclopedia. 2015-05-06: 19. ISBN 9781329119420.

[nordisk-54] [54]
The article Sköldmö （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） in Nordisk familjebok (1917).

[55] [55]
Hans Delbrück. Medieval Warfare: History of the Art of War. University of Nebraska Press. 1990: 474. ISBN 978-0-8032-6585-1.

[56] [56]
Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6

[57] [57]
Harley, T. Rutherford. The Public School of Sparta, Greece & Rome, Vol. 3, No. 9 (May 1934) pp. 129-139.).

[58] [58]
Edgar Sanderson; John Porter Lamberton; Charles Morris. Six Thousand Years of History: Famous warriors. T. Nolan. 1909: 6.

[59] [59]
Suraiya Faroqhi. Travel and Artisans in the Ottoman Empire: Employment and Mobility in the Early Modern Era. I.B.Tauris. 30 January 2014: 11. ISBN 978-1-78076-481-8.

[60] [60]
Holt, John. The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. 2011-04-13: 86. ISBN 9780822349822 （英語）.

[61] [61]
Pivot politics: changing cultural identities in early state formation processes. Het Spinhuis. 1994: 165. ISBN 9789055890071 （英語）.

[62] [62]
Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. 1985: 644.

[63] [63]
Karl Bihlmeyer; Hermann Tüchle. Church History: The Middle Ages. Newman Press. 1967: 26 [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-05）.

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戰士

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戰士

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戰士社群

參考