巨大質量恆星列表

這是一份有關巨大質量恆星的列表，依太陽質量的多寡排列（1太陽質量=太陽的質量而不是太陽系的質量）。

恆星質量是恆星最重要的一個要素。質量加上化學成分能確定一顆恆星的光度、它實際上的大小和它最後的命運。列在表上的恆星，由於它們的質量非常巨大，到最後大多都會爆發成超新星甚至是極超新星，然後形成黑洞。

不確定性和警告

藝術家筆下的遠觀巨大質量恆星

表中所列出的恆星質量都是從理論上推測的，依據的是恆星很難測定的溫度和絕對星等。所有列出的恆星質量都是不確定的：因為天文學家已經將目前的理論和測量技術發揮到了極限，而無論是理論或觀測，只要有一個錯誤，或是兩者都錯，結果就會不正確。例如仙王座VV變星，依據這顆恆星特有的產物估算，質量就可能是太陽的25至40倍，或是100倍。

大質量恆星是很罕見的，表中列出的恆星距離都在數千光年以上，它們孤單地存在著，使距離很難測量。除了很遠之外，這些質量極端巨大的恆星似乎都被噴發出來的氣體雲氣包圍著；周圍的氣體會遮蔽恆星的光度，使原本就很難測量的光度和溫度更難測量，並且也使測量他們內部化學成分變成更加複雜的問題。^[1]

另一方面，雲氣的遮蔽也阻礙了觀測，而難以確認是一顆大質量恆星，還是多星系統。下表中必然有一定數量的恆星也許是軌道極近的聯星，每一顆恆星的質量必然也不小，但不一定是巨大的質量；這些系統仍然可以二選一的是一顆或多顆大質量恆星，或有許多質量不大的伴星。因此表中許多恆星的質量經常是目前被研究的主題，質量經常被重測，而且經常被校正。^[2]

表中列出的質量中，數據最可靠的恆星是HD 97950 A1^[3]、WR 21a和WR 20a，因為兩者都是聯星系統（兩顆恆星沿著軌道互繞）。天文學家能夠運用克卜勒行星運動定律，經由研究它們的軌道運動可以測量出兩顆恆星各自的質量。此外，這三者還都是食雙星，還可以測量徑向速度和光度曲線來測量質量。

2 sources

恆星演化

主條目：恆星演化

一定數量的恆星也許已經拋出了比目前估計還要多的質量，但因為這些巨額質量的流失是經由次級的假超新星爆炸事件產生的，因此可能已經拋出了10倍於太陽的質量。也會有一定數量的超新星和極超新星殘骸，它們的質量可以依據在爆炸前觀測到的前超新星或前極超新星的質量，和超新星或極超新星爆炸時的能量和事件的類型來估計。^[4]這種恆星（如果還未爆炸）將很容易出現在這張表中（但是它們也可能不在表中）。

1 sources

巨大質量的恆星列表

圖例

沃爾夫-拉葉星

高光度藍變星

O型星

B型星

由左至右：紅矮星、太陽、藍矮星和R136a1

海山二

大犬座VY

圓拱星團

天鵝座 OB2-12

Sher 25

R136a

參宿一

太陽質量60倍以上的恆星：

恆星名稱	質量(太陽=1)	距離(光年)	視星等	有效溫度(K)	估算方法	鏈接	參考文獻
BAT99-98 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	226	165000	13.38	45000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][6]
R136a1 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	224	163000	12.28	46000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[7][6]
R136a7 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	199	163000	13.97	49000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
BAT99-105 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	189	163000	12.78	47300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
R136a2 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	187	163000	12.34	50000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[7][6]
VFTS 1022 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	178	164000	13.47	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
R136a5 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	171	157000	13.71	47000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
R136a4 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	167	157000	13.41	48000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
HSH95-46 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	160	163000	14.56	49000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
R136a3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	154	163000	12.97	50000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[7][6]
VFTS 682 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	153	164000	16.08	52200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[9][6]
HD 15558 A (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805)	152	24400	7.87	39500	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[10][11]
HSH95-36 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	149	163000	14.41	52000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
BAT99-116 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	147	163000	13.09	53000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[12][6]
VFTS 482 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	145	164000	12.95	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
R136c (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	142	163000	13.43	51000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[13][6]
VFTS 1021 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	141	164000	13.35	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
LH 10-3209 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763)	140	160000	11.859	42500	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
VFTS 506 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	138	164000	13.31	47300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[9][6]
BAT99-116 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	136	163000	13.09	53000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[12][6]
VFTS 545 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	133	164000	13.32	47300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
HD 97950 B (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	132	24800	11.33	42000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[3][16]
HD 269810 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2029)	130	163000	12.22	52500	質光關係	SIMBAD	[17][18]
HSH95-73 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	127	163000	15.13	33000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
WR 42e (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	123	25000	14.53	43000	系統彈出	SIMBAD	[20]
R136a6 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	121	157000	13.35	53000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
HD 97950 A1a (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	120	24800	11.18	42000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[3][16]
LSS 4067 (位於HM 1)	120	11000	11.44	40000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][22]
R136b (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	120	163000	13.24	37000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
WR 93 (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24)	120	5900	10.68	71000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][11]
Sk -69° 212 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	119	160000	12.416	45400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
Sk -69° 249 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074)	119	160000	12.02	38900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][24]
ST5-31 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	119	160000	12.273	50700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][25]
MSP 183 (位於維斯特盧2)	115	20000	13.878	46300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[26][27]
WR 24 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228)	114	14000	6.48	50100	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[28][29]
HD 97950 C1 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	113	24800	11.89	44000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[3][16]
圓拱星團-F9 (位於圓拱星團)	111.3	25000	16.1 (J波段)	36600	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
天鵝座OB2#12 A (位於天鵝座OB2)	110	5200	11.702	13700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[32][33]
HD 93129 Aa (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14)	110	7500	6.9	42500	三星系統	SIMBAD	[34][11]
R146 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	109	164000	13.11	63000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][6]
VFTS 621 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	107	164000	15.39	54000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
WR 21a A (來自維斯特盧2的速逃星)	103.6	26100	12.661	45000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[35][18]
R99 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N44)	103	164000	11.52	28000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][11]
HSH95-47 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	102	163000	14.72	47000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][6]
圓拱星團-F6 (位於圓拱星團)	101	25000	15.75 (J波段)	33900	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
Sk -65° 47 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1923)	101	160000	12.466	47800	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
圓拱星團-F1 (位於圓拱星團)	100.9	25000	16.3 (J波段)	33200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
牡丹星 (靠近銀心)	100	26000	12.98 (J波段)	25100	質光關係	SIMBAD	[36][37]
VFTS 457 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	100	164000	13.74	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
海山二 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16)	100	7500	4.3	9400-35200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[38][39]
默瑟30-1 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30)	99	40000	10.33 (J波段)	32200	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[40]
Sk -68° 137 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	99	160000	13.346	50000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
HSH95-48 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	98	163000	14.75	49000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
WR 25 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16)	98	6500	8.8	50100	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[28][11]
BI 253 (來自大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲的速逃星)	97.6	164000	13.76	54000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[13][41]
R136a8 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	96	157000	14.42	51000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[19][6]
HD 38282 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	95	163000	11.11	47000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[42][18]
HM 1-6 (位於HM 1)	95	11000	11.64	44700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][43]
NGC 3603-42 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	95	25000	12.86	50000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][16]
R139 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	95	163000	11.94	35000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[5][6]
BAT99-6 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1747)	94	165000	11.95	165000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
HSH95-49 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	94	163000	14.75	48000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
Sk -66° 172 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N64)	94	160000	13.1	46300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
ST2-22 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	94	160000	14.3	51300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][44]
VFTS 259 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	94	164000	13.65	37600	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
VFTS 562 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	94	164000	13.66	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
VFTS 512 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	93	164000	14.28	47300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
HD 97950 A1b (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	92	24800	11.18	40000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[3][16]
VFTS 16 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	91.6	164000	13.55	50600	質光關係	SIMBAD	[13][6]
HD 97950 A3 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950)	91	24800	12.95	50000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][16]
NGC 346-W1 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346)	91	200000	12.57	43400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][45]
HSH95-45 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	90	163000	14.65	42000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
R127 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2055)	90	160000	10.15	18500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[46][18]
VFTS 333 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	90	164000	12.49	37600	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
VFTS 267 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	89	164000	13.49	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
VFTS 64 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	88	164000	14.621	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][15]
BAT99-80 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	87	165000	13	45000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[23][44]
R140b (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	87	165000	12.66	47000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][6]
VFTS 542 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	87	164000	13.47	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
VFTS 599 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	87	164000	13.8	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
WR 89 (位於HM 1)	87	11000	11.02	39800	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[28][18]
圓拱星團-F7 (位於圓拱星團)	86.3	25000	15.74 (J波段)	32900	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
Sk -69° 104 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910)	86	160000	12.1	39900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
VFTS 1017 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	86	164000	14.5	50100	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
布雷21 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910)	85	160000	11.29	71000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][18]
LH 10-3061 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763)	85	160000	13.491	52000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
Sk 80 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346)	85	200000	12.31	38900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][47]
VFTS 603 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	85	164000	13.99	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
Sk -70° 91 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 1830)	84.09	165000	12.78	48900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[48][15]
R147 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	84	164000	12.993	47300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][49]
HD 93250 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16)	83.3	7500	7.5	46000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[50][11]
HSH95-30 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	83	163000	14.21	37000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
WR 20a A (位於維斯特盧2)	82.7	20000	13.28	43000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[51]
OGLE-ECL-17 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2048)	82	160000	14.05	45000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
WR 20a B (位於維斯特盧2)	81.9	20000	13.28	43000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[51]
川普勒27-27 (位於川普勒27)	81	3900	13.31	37000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][18]
BAT99-96 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	80	165000	13.76	42000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][6]
HD 15570 (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805)	80	7500	8.11	46000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[10][11]
HD 38282 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	80	163000	11.11	47000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[42][18]
HSH95-70 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	80	163000	14.96	47000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
圓拱星團-F15 (位於圓拱星團)	79.7	25000	16.12 (J波段)	35600	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
BI 237 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2527)	79.66	165000	13.83	51300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[48][15]
VFTS 94 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	79	164000	14.161	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][15]
VFTS 151 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	79	164000	14.13	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
HSH95-31 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	78	163000	14.12	48000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
LH 41-32 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910)	78	160000	13.086	48200	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
匹斯密斯24-17 (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24)	78	5900	11.84	42700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[52][43]
VFTS 404 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	78	164000	14.14	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
HSH95-112 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	77	163000	15.74	36000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
BAT99-68 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2505)	76	165000	14.13	45000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
HD 93632 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228)	76	10000	8.23	45400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][11]
NGC 346-W3 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346)	76	200000	12.8	52500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][45]
VFTS 169 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	76	164000	14.437	47300	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][15]
VFTS 440 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	76	164000	12.046	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][15]
AB1 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的DEM S10)	75	197000	15.238	79000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[53][45]
WR 22 A (位於船底座星雲的波鴻10)	75	8300	6.42	44700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[28][11]
匹斯密斯24-1NE (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24)	74	6500	11	42500	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[52][54]
VFTS 608 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	74	164000	14.22	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
默瑟30-3 (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30)	73	40000	12.62 (J波段)	39300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[40]
默瑟30-11 (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30)	73	40000	12.33 (J波段)	36800	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[40]
VFTS 566 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	73	164000	14.05	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
LH 64-16 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2001)	72	160000	13.666	50900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][25]
NGC 2044-W35 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	72	160000	14.1	48200	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
VFTS 216 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	72	164000	14.389	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][15]
HSH95-58 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	71	163000	14.8	50000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
ST2-1 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	71	160000	14.3	44100	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][44]
VFTS 3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	71	164000	11.56	21000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[55][6]
圓拱星團-F12 (位於圓拱星團)	70	25000	16.4 (J波段)	36900	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
布雷50 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033)	70	165000	13.25	117000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][18]
HD 15629 (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805)	70	7500	8.42	45900	質光關係	SIMBAD	[10][11]
HD 37974 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N135)	70	163000	10.99	22500	質光關係	SIMBAD	[56][18]
HD 93129 Ab (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14)	70	7500	7.31	44000	三星系統	SIMBAD	[34][57]
M33 X-7 B (位於三角座星系)	70	2700000	18.7	35000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[58][59]
Sk -69° 194 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033)	70	160000	12.131	45000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][49]
VFTS 125 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	69.6	164000	16.6	55200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[13][44]
HD 46150 (位於薔薇星雲內的NGC 2244)	69	5200	6.73	44000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][11]
HD 229059 (位於伯克利87)	69	3000	8.7	26300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][11]
ST2-3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	69	160000	14.264	44900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
ST2-32 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	69	160000	13.903	45400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
W28-23 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033)	69	160000	13.702	51300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][25]
HD 93403 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16)	68.5	10400	8.27	39300	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[60][18]
HD 93130 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228)	68	10000	8.04	39900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][11]
HM 1-8 (位於HM 1)	68	11000	12.52	46100	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][43]
HSH95-75 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	68	163000	15.08	39000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
BAT99-93 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	67	165000	13.446	45000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
Sk -69° 200 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033)	67	160000	11.18	26300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
圓拱星團-F18 (位於圓拱星團)	66.9	25000	16.7 (J波段)	36900	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
圓拱星團-F4 (位於圓拱星團)	66.4	25000	15.63 (J波段)	36800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[30][31]
BAT99-59 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2020)	66	165000	13.186	71000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
BAT99-104 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	66	165000	12.5	63000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
HD 5980 B (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346)	66	200000	11.31	45000	三星系統	SIMBAD	[61][57]
HD 190429 A (靠近巴納德146)	66	7800	6.63	46000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[62][11]
LH 31-1003 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1858)	66	160000	13.186	41900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
LH 114-7 位於大麥哲倫星系內的N70)	66	160000	13.66	50000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
匹斯密斯24-1SW (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24)	66	6500	11.1	40000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[52][54]
BAT99-126 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081)	65	165000	13.166	71000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
HSH95-89 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	65	163000	14.76	44000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[19]
VFTS 63 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	65	164000	14.4	42200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][44]
VFTS 145 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	65	164000	14.3	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
VFTS 518 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	65	164000	15.11	44700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
BD+43° 3654 (來自天鵝座OB2的速逃星)	64.6	5400	10.06	40400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[63][57]
BAT99-129 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的DEM L294)	64	165000	14.701	79000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
HSH95-68 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	64	163000	15.15	43000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
Sk -69° 25 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1748)	64	160000	11.886	43600	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
川普勒27-23 (位於川普勒27)	64	3900	10.09	27500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][18]
HD 46223 (位於薔薇星雲內的NGC 2244)	63	5200	7.28	46000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][11]
HD 64568 (位於船尾座OB2內的NGC 2467)	63	16000	9.39	54000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][18]
HD 303308 (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16)	63	9200	8.17	51300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][18]
HR 6187 A (位於天壇座OB1內的NGC 6193)	63	4300	5.54	46500	七星系統	SIMBAD	[64][11]
LH 10-3058 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763)	63	160000	14.089	54000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[14][15]
ST5-71 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074)	63	160000	13.266	45400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
AB9 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的DEM S80)	62	197000	15.431	100000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[53][45]
布雷32 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1966)	62	165000	12.32	43600	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][18]
HD 93160 (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14)	62	8000	7.6	42700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[21][11]
LH 41-1017 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910)	62	160000	12.266	42700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
默瑟30-6a A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30)	62	40000	10.39 (J波段)	29900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[40]
ST4-18 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081)	62	160000	13.639	44800	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
VFTS 664 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	62	164000	13.937	39900	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][15]
HD 229196 (位於天鵝座OB9)	61.6	5000	8.59	40900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[63][43]
AB8 B (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 602)	61	197000	12.83	45000	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[61][65]
BAT99-79 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044)	61	165000	13.486	42000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[5][15]
HD 5980 A (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346)	61	200000	11.31	37000	三星系統	SIMBAD	[61][57]
HSH95-64 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	61	163000	15.03	40000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[7][19]
LH 41-18 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910)	61	160000	12.586	38500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
默瑟30-9 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30)	61	40000	12.25 (J波段)	34500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[40]
ST5-25 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074)	61	160000	13.551	48600	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][25]
VFTS 422 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	61	164000	15.14	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
WR 102hb (位於五合星團)	61	26000	13.9 (J波段)	25100	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[66][67]
Sk -67° 166 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的GKK-A144)	60.68	160000	12.22	41800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[48][15]
Sk -67° 167 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的GKK-A144)	60.68	160000	12.586	41800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[48][15]
Sk -71° 46 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2242)	60.68	160000	13.241	41800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[48][15]
布雷10 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1770)	60	165000	12.69	117000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][18]
布雷94 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081)	60	165000	12.996	83000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][15]
布雷95a A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081)	60	165000	12.2	83000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][68]
默瑟30-7 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30)	60	40000	11.52 (J波段)	41400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[40]
R134 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	60	164000	12.75	39800	質光關係	SIMBAD	[8][6]
R142 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	60	164000	11.82	18000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[55][6]
R143 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	60	160000	12.014	27000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[46][15]
Sk -69° 142a (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1983)	60	160000	11.093	34000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[46][49]
Sk -69° 259 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081)	60	160000	11.93	23000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[23][18]
Var 83 (位於三角座星系)	60	3000000	16.027	27500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[69][70]
VFTS 430 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲)	60	164000	15.11	24500	質光關係	SIMBAD	[55][6]

一些常見的質量在60個太陽質量之下的恆星：

恆星名稱	質量(太陽=1)	距離(光年)	視星等	有效溫度(K)	估算方法	鏈接	參考文獻
弧矢增二十二 (位於船帆座分子雲脊內的船帆座R2)	56.1	1080	2.25	40000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[62][11]
造父三 (來自仙王座OB3的速逃星)	51.4	3100	5.05	36000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[62][11]
弧矢增六 Aa (位於NGC 2362)	50	5120	4.89	32000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[71][11]
參宿二 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	44	2000	1.69	27500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[72][11]
伐二 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	39	1500	5.02	34900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[73][74]
少衛/紫微右垣六 (來自NGC 1502的速逃星)	37.6	6000	4.29	29000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[75][11]
天津增九 (位於天鵝座OB1內的IC 4996)	37	5100	4.82	18700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[76][11]
尾宿三 (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231)	36	8210	4.705	17200	質光關係	SIMBAD	[77][78]
參宿一 Aa (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	33	1260	2.08	29500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[79]
伐一C1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶四邊形星團)	33	1340	5.13	39000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[80][11]
王良二 (位於仙后座OB14)	33	4000	4.16	23500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[81][11]
海山二 B (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16)	30	7500	4.3	37200	雙星系統	SIMBAD	[82][39]
天社一 B (位於船帆座OB2)	28.5	1230	1.83	35000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[83][11]
觜宿一 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座λ星協)	27.9	1100	3.54	37700	質光關係	SIMBAD	[84][85]
捲舌三 (位於英仙座OB2內的加州星雲)	26.1	1200	4.04	35000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[75][11]
WR 79a (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231)	24.4	5600	5.77	35000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[86][11]
參宿三 Aa1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	24	1200	2.5	29500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[87][88]
伐三 Aa1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的NGC 1980)	23.1	1340	2.77	32500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[89][90]
WR 78 (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231)	22	4100	6.48	50100	質光關係	SIMBAD	[28][29]
軍市增五 (位於科林德121)	21.4	2800	3.043	15500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[91][11]
參宿七 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	21	860	0.13	12100	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[92][11]
弧矢二 (位於科林德121)	21	2000	2.45	15000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[81][11]
天市右垣十一/韓 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的上天蠍次集團)	20.2	370	2.569	34000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[75][11]
參宿增三十六 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	20	2900	4.618	33400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[93][94]
參宿增一 Aa (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	18	1260	4.07	35000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[95][96]
屎 (來自獵戶四邊形星團的速逃星)	16	1300	5.18	33000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[97][11]
參宿六 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	15.5	650	2.09	26500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[71][11]
天津增二十八 (位於天鵝座OB4)	15	3260	4.233	10800	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[98][99]
南船三 A (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的IC 2602)	14.9	460	2.76	31000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[71][100]
伐二 B (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	14.8	1500	6.38	29300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[101]
捲舌四 (位於英仙座OB2)	14.5	750	2.86	20800	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[71][11]
參宿增一 B (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	14	1260	4.07	31000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[95][96]
軍市一 (位於本地泡)	13.5	490	1.985	23200	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[102][103]
捲舌二 A (位於英仙座α星團)	13.5	640	2.88	26500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[71][104]
伐三 Aa2 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的NGC 1980)	13.1	1340	2.77	27000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[89][90]
房宿三 A (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的上天蠍次集團)	13	440	2.307	27400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[105][106]
參宿增一 Ab (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1)	13	1260	4.07	29000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[95][96]
蒼蠅座θ Aa (位於半人馬座OB1)	11.5	7400	5.53	83000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[107][11]
天社一 A (位於船帆座OB2)	9	1230	1.83	57000	質光關係	SIMBAD	[83][11]
心宿增四 A (位於蛇夫座ρ星雲複合體)	8.7	360	4.63	22000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[108][11]
心宿二 B (位於環泡1)	7.2	550	5.5	18500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[105][85]
畢宿八 A (位於雙魚-波江座星流)	7.18	480	3.47	18700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[71][109]
天船五 (位於英仙座α星團)	7	520	3.01	14900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[110][100]
天船四 (位於英仙座α星團)	6.2	580	4.31	16000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[110][11]
孔雀十一 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協)	5.91	180	1.94	17700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[111][90]
昴宿六 A (位於昴宿星團)	5.9	440	2.87	12300	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[112][11]
天狼增四 (位於科林德121)	5.6	440	4.1	13600	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[110][113]
蓋屋一 (位於雙魚-波江座星流)	4.3	440	4.71	13500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[110][114]
天庾一 (位於雙魚-波江座星流)	3.65	370	4.69	13400	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[115][11]
天園三 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協)	3.55	150	3.55	13700	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[116][117]
小斗七 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的蝘蜓座η移動星群)	3.2	310	5.453	12500	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[110][57]
小斗二 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的蝘蜓座ε移動星群)	2.87	360	4.91	10900	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[118][100]
蛇腹二 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協)	2.64	150	4.12	11000	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[119][110]
鳥喙四 A (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協)	2.5	140	4.37	10600	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[120][85]
羽林軍二十五 (位於雙魚-波江座星流)	2	320	5.66	10600	恆星演化	SIMBAD	[110][121]
太陽 (位於太陽系)	1	0.0000158	-26.744	5772	測定標準	NASA	[122][123][124]

121 sources

黑洞

主條目：黑洞

黑洞是巨型恆星的最終演化物。理論上它們不是恆星，它們核心不再引起核聚變。另外，理論上存在的微黑洞與恆星演化無關。

• 恆星級黑洞是理論中的小型黑洞。質量大約是太陽的4-15倍。^[125]
• 中型黑洞質量大約是太陽的數百至十萬倍量級。^[125]
• 超大質量黑洞擁有上百萬個至上百億個太陽的質量。^[126][127]

3 sources

愛丁頓光度極限

主條目：愛丁頓光度

天文學家經過長期推論的結果顯示，一顆原恆星成長到120倍太陽質量以上時必然會猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超過這個極限，如果目前宇宙存在任何質量超過120倍太陽質量的恆星，它們將對現時的恆星演化理論產生疑慮。

質量極限出現的原因是因為擁有更巨大質量的恆星在消耗燃料的速率更快，比其他中小質量的恆星更加巨大。如果一顆巨型恆星在恆星核心引起核聚變所發岀的壓力發光能量超出它本身內部拉扯重力，就稱為愛丁頓極限。在超過這個極限時，恆星將會開始推擠自己，或流失足夠的質量使內部降低到至恆星可以承受的速率。在理論上，由於恆星風會讓許多物質流出，一顆更巨大的恆星不能一直維持如此巨大的質量。^[128]

天文學家在研究銀河系已知恆星最密集的星群：圓拱星團後，證實在那裏不存在質量達到150倍太陽質量的恆星，但經過對大麥哲倫雲星系的R136超星團研究後，卻發現了多顆超過這一極限的恆星，這些超大的恆星很有可能是合併的產物。^[129]

2 sources

參見

• 天文學主題

• 恆星
• 高光度藍變星
• 特超巨星
• 恆星距離列表
• 恆星亮度列表
• 恆星光度列表
• 巨大恆星列表
• 最小質量恆星列表

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