小球藻科

小球藻科
	普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
門：	綠藻門 Chlorophyta
綱：	共球藻綱 Trebouxiophyceae
目：	小球藻目 Chlorellales
科：	小球藻科 Chlorellaceae; Brunnthaler, 1913
模式屬
	小球藻屬;
屬
	見內文

小球藻科（學名：Chlorellales）是綠藻門共球藻綱小球藻目下的一個科，大約包括48個屬258個種，在全球的海洋、淡水和陸地上均有分布。其模式屬為小球藻屬。^[1]由奧地利植物學家約瑟夫·布倫塔勒在1913年命名^[2]。

Quick Facts 小球藻科, 科學分類 ...

Close

形態

小球藻科物種都是一些微小的球狀藻類, 藻體單細胞或菌落，形態多樣, 有球形、橢球形、紡錘形、新月形等。細胞壁光滑, 有些有刺。以似親孢子、二分裂或出芽的方式進行無性繁殖。^[1]

生活方式

小球藻科的物種多數為光合自養生物, 有些種類也可在異養條件下生長, 如小球藻屬、微芒藻屬、異養小球藻屬的一些物種^[1]。

小球藻科內多數物種自由生活, 少數種類以共生或寄生方式生活^[1]，如旋動小球藻(C. heliozoae)可與刺胞蟲(Acanthocystis turfacea)共生^[3]，多變小球藻(C. variabilis)、芮瑟微芒藻(M. reisseri)可與綠草履蟲(Paramecium bursaria)共生^[4]。原殼藻屬(Prototheca)物種和旋孢藻屬(Helicosporidium)物種不能進行光合作用, 只能寄生生活^[5]^[6]。

分類

亞科與分支

約瑟夫·布倫塔勒曾將小球藻科分為細胞壁光滑的小球藻亞科（Chlorelloideae）和細胞表面有刺的微芒藻亞科（Micractinieae），後吉爾伯特·摩根·史密斯(Gilbert Morgan Smith)提出將微芒藻亞科提升為科^[1]。1983年，Komárek和Fott基於形態學特徵將小球藻科分為5個亞科: 小球藻亞科、四角藻亞科(Tetraedronoideae)、Ankistrodesmoideae、Siderocelidoideae和Scotielloideae^[1]。另外，《中國淡水藻志》中則記錄有4個亞科: 小球藻亞科、頂棘藻亞科(Lagerheimoideae)、四角藻亞科和月牙藻亞科(Selenastroideae)^[7]。

1990年代以後，基於DNA測序技術的研究，小球藻科的分類體系進行了多次修訂，廢棄了亞科的概念，而將該科分為四個分支：^[1]

小球藻分支(Chlorella clade)
類小球藻分支(Parachlorella clade)
Nannochloris分支
AHP分支

屬

小球藻科的分類仍然存在很多爭議，大約包括48個屬，其中較為確定的屬有^[1]：

集星藻屬 Actinastrum Lagerheim, 1882（2002年由柵藻科移入^[8]）
異養小球藻屬 Auxenochlorella (I.Shihira & R.W.Krauss) T.Kalina & M.Puncochárová, 1987
Carolibrandtia Hoshina & Nakada, 2018
小球藻屬 Chlorella M.Beijerinck, 1890 (模式屬^[1])
綠微藻屬 Chloroparva
Somogyi, Felfoldi & Voros, 2011
- Chloroparva pannonica^[9]
擬新月藻屬 Closteriopsis Lemmermann, 1899(2001年由月牙藻科移入^[10])
緊聚球藻屬 Compactochlorella L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschold, 2012
冠球藻屬 Coronacoccus
H.Song, X.Liu, Y.Hu, Q.Wang, J.Long, G.Liu & Z.Hu, 2018
- Coronacoccus hengyangensis H.Song, X.Liu, Y.Hu, Q.Wang, J.Long, G.Liu & Z.Hu, 2018^[11]
冠星藻屬 Coronastrum R.H.Thompson, 1938
雙月藻屬 Dicloster C.-C.Jao, Y.S.Wei & H.C.Hu, 1976（2000年由柵藻科移入^[12]）
膠網藻屬 Dictyosphaerium Nägeli, 1849
對囊藻屬 Didymogenes Schmidle, 1905 (2004年由柵藻科移入^[13])
Endolithella T. Martins, V. Ramos, Hentschke & Krienitz, 2019
黑氏球藻屬 Hegewaldia T.Proschold, C.Bock, W.Luo & L.Krienitz, 2010
旋孢藻屬 Helicosporidium D.Keilin, 1921
海尼球藻屬 Heynigia C.Bock, Proschold & Krienitz, 2010
亨氏球藻屬 Hindakia C. Bock, Proschold & Krienitz, 2010
卡蘭津藻屬 Kalenjinia L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschold, 2012
Laetitia Malavasi, Škvorová, Němcová & Škaloud, 2022
馬拉球藻屬 Marasphaerium L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschold, 2012
海球藻屬 Marinichlorella Z.Aslam, W.Shin, M.K.Kim, W.-T.Im & S.-T.Lee, 2007
Marvania
F.Hindák, 1976
- Marvania geminata Hindák, 1976
馬塞藻屬 Masaia L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschlod, 2012
邁耶球藻屬 Meyerella
Fawley & K.P.Fawley, 2005
- Meyerella petua Livshitz, 1972^[14]
微芒藻屬 Micractinium Fresenius, 1858（2004年由微芒藻科移入^[13]）
霉球藻屬 Mucidosphaerium C.Bock, Proschold & Krienitz, 2011
Muriella
J.B.Petersen, 1932
- Muriella magna F.E.Fritsch & R.P.John, 1942
- Muriella terrestris J.B.Petersen
微綠球藻屬 Nannochloris Naumann, 1921
Nanochlorum C.Wilhelm, G.Eisenbeis, A.Wild & R.Zahn, 1982
類小球藻屬 Parachlorella L.Krieniz, E.H.Hegewald, D.Hepperle, V.A.R.Huss, T.Rohr & M.Wolf, 2004
Picochlorum
W.J.Henley, J.L.Hironaka, L.Guillou, M.A.Buchheim, J.A.Buchheim, M.W.Fawley & K.P.Fawley, 2004
- Picochlorum atomus (Butcher) W.J.Henley, J.L.Hironaka, L.Guillou, M.A.Buchheim, J.A.Buchheim, M.W.Fawley & K.P.Fawley
- Picochlorum maculatum (Butcher) Henley, Hironaka, Guillou, M.Buchheim, J.Buchheim, M.Fawley & K.Fawley, 2004
- 'Picochlorum oklahomensis^[15]
浮小球藻屬 Planktochlorella P.Skaloud & Y.Nemcová, 2014
原殼藻屬 Prototheca W.Krüger, 1894
假綠藻屬 Pseudochloris B.Somogyi, T.Felföldi & L.Vörös, 2013
Pumiliosphaera
Darienko & Pröschold, 2015
- Pumiliosphaera acidophila T.Darienko & T.Pröschold, 2015

分類地位還不明確或存在爭議的屬有^[1]：

粗刺藻屬 Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, 1899
Apodococcus F.Hindák, 1984
Catena Chodat, 1900
Cylindrocelis Hindák, 1988
雙細胞藻屬 Dicellula Svirenko, 1926
Fissuricella R.S.Pore, R.F.D'Amato & L.Ajello, 1977
膠絲藻屬 Gloeotila Kützing, 1843
擬多芒藻屬 Golenkiniopsis Korshikov, 1953
角球藻屬 Keratococcus Pascher, 1915
Palmellochaete Korshikov, 1953
Podohedra Düringer, 1958
Pseudosiderocelopsis Massalski, Mronzinska & Olech, 1999
褐胞藻屬 Siderocelis (Naumann) Fott, 1934

參考文獻

[1]
Song, Huiyin; Hu, Zhengyu; Liu, Guoxiang. Assessing advances in taxonomic research on Chlorellaceae (Chlorophyta). Biodiversity Science. 2023-02-20, 31 (2): 22083. doi:10.17520/biods.2022083.
[2]
Brunnthaler J. Die systematische Gliederung der Protococcales (Chlorophyceae) (PDF). Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 1913, 63: 76–91 [2023-08-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-08-28）.
[3]
Pröschold, T; Darienko, T; Silva, PC; Reisser, W; Krienitz, L. The systematics of Zoochlorella revisited employing an integrative approach.. Environmental microbiology. 2011-02, 13 (2): 350–64. PMID 20874732. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02333.x.
[4]
Chlorella variabilis and Micractinium reisseri sp. nov. (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae): Redescription of the endosymbiotic green algae of Paramecium bursaria (Peniculia, Oligohymenophorea) in the 120th year. Phycological Research. doi:10.1111/pre.2010.58.issue-3.
[5]
Tartar, Aurélien; Boucias, Drion G; Adams, Byron J; Becnel, James J. Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp. as a green alga (Chlorophyta).. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2002-01-01, 52 (1): 273–279. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-273.
[6]
Shave, Christopher D.; Millyard, Linda; May, Robin C. Now for something completely different: Prototheca, pathogenic algae. PLOS Pathogens. 2021-04-01, 17 (4): e1009362. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009362.
[7]
畢列爵; 胡征宇. 绿球藻目(上). 中国淡水藻志(第八卷)· 绿藻门. 北京: 科學出版社. 2004. ISBN 9787030519191.
[8]
Wolf, Matthias; Krienitz, Lothar; Hepperle, Dominik. Phylogenetic position of Actinastrum hantzschii LAGERHEIM 1882 (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes. 2002-03-28, 104: 59–67. doi:10.1127/algol_stud/104/2002/59.
[9]
Boglárka Somogyi, Tamás Felföldi, Katalin Solymosi, Judit Makk, Zalán Gábor Homonnay, Györgyi Horváth, Erika Turcsi, Béla Böddi, Károly Márialigeti & Lajos Vörös (2011) Chloroparva pannonica gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) – a new picoplanktonic green alga from a turbid, shallow soda pan, Phycologia, 50:1, 1-10, DOI: 10.2216/10-08.1
[10]
Ustinova, Iana; Krientiz, Lothar; Huss, Volker A. R. Closteriopsis acicularis (G. M. Smith) Belcher et Swale is a fusiform alga closely related to Chlorella kessleri Fott et Nováková(Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). European Journal of Phycology. 2001-11, 36 (4): 341–351. doi:10.1080/09670260110001735488.
[11]
Huiyin Song, Xudong Liu, Yuxin Hu, Qinghua Wang, Jijian Long, Guoxiang Liu & Zhengyu Hu (2018) Coronacoccus hengyangensis gen. et sp. nov., a new member of Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) with radiococcacean morphology, Phycologia, 57:4, 363-373, DOI: 10.2216/17-65.1
[12]
Hegewald, Eberhard; Hangata, Nobutaka. Phylogenetic studies on Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta). Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes. 2000-12-20, 100: 29–49. doi:10.1127/algol_stud/100/2000/29.
[13]
Krienitz, Lothar; Hegewald, Eberhard H.; Hepperle, Dominik; Huss, Volker A. R.; Rohr, Thomas; Wolf, Matthias. Phylogenetic relationship of Chlorella and Parachlorella gen. nov. (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Phycologia. 2004-09, 43 (5): 529–542. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-5-529.1.
[14]
Marvin W. Fawley, Karen P. Fawley & Heather A. Owen (2005) Diversity and ecology of small coccoid green algae from Lake Itasca, Minnesota, USA, including Meyerella planktonica, gen. et sp. nov., Phycologia, 44:1, 35-48, DOI: 10.2216/0031-8884(2005)44[35:DAEOSC]2.0.CO;2
[15]
William J. Henley, Janice L. Hironaka, Laure Guillou, Mark A. Buchheim, Julie A. Buchheim, Marvin W. Fawley & Karen P. Fawley (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of the 『Nannochloris-like’ algae and diagnoses of Picochlorum oklahomensis gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), Phycologia, 43:6, 641-652, DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-43-6-641.1

[biods.2022083-1] [1]
Song, Huiyin; Hu, Zhengyu; Liu, Guoxiang. Assessing advances in taxonomic research on Chlorellaceae (Chlorophyta). Biodiversity Science. 2023-02-20, 31 (2): 22083. doi:10.17520/biods.2022083.

[2] [2]
Brunnthaler J. Die systematische Gliederung der Protococcales (Chlorophyceae) (PDF). Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 1913, 63: 76–91 [2023-08-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-08-28）.

[3] [3]
Pröschold, T; Darienko, T; Silva, PC; Reisser, W; Krienitz, L. The systematics of Zoochlorella revisited employing an integrative approach.. Environmental microbiology. 2011-02, 13 (2): 350–64. PMID 20874732. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02333.x.

[4] [4]
Chlorella variabilis and Micractinium reisseri sp. nov. (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae): Redescription of the endosymbiotic green algae of Paramecium bursaria (Peniculia, Oligohymenophorea) in the 120th year. Phycological Research. doi:10.1111/pre.2010.58.issue-3.

[5] [5]
Tartar, Aurélien; Boucias, Drion G; Adams, Byron J; Becnel, James J. Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp. as a green alga (Chlorophyta).. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2002-01-01, 52 (1): 273–279. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-273.

[6] [6]
Shave, Christopher D.; Millyard, Linda; May, Robin C. Now for something completely different: Prototheca, pathogenic algae. PLOS Pathogens. 2021-04-01, 17 (4): e1009362. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009362.

[7] [7]
畢列爵; 胡征宇. 绿球藻目(上). 中国淡水藻志(第八卷)· 绿藻门. 北京: 科學出版社. 2004. ISBN 9787030519191.

[8] [8]
Wolf, Matthias; Krienitz, Lothar; Hepperle, Dominik. Phylogenetic position of Actinastrum hantzschii LAGERHEIM 1882 (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes. 2002-03-28, 104: 59–67. doi:10.1127/algol_stud/104/2002/59.

[9] [9]
Boglárka Somogyi, Tamás Felföldi, Katalin Solymosi, Judit Makk, Zalán Gábor Homonnay, Györgyi Horváth, Erika Turcsi, Béla Böddi, Károly Márialigeti & Lajos Vörös (2011) Chloroparva pannonica gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) – a new picoplanktonic green alga from a turbid, shallow soda pan, Phycologia, 50:1, 1-10, DOI: 10.2216/10-08.1

[10] [10]
Ustinova, Iana; Krientiz, Lothar; Huss, Volker A. R. Closteriopsis acicularis (G. M. Smith) Belcher et Swale is a fusiform alga closely related to Chlorella kessleri Fott et Nováková(Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). European Journal of Phycology. 2001-11, 36 (4): 341–351. doi:10.1080/09670260110001735488.

[11] [11]
Huiyin Song, Xudong Liu, Yuxin Hu, Qinghua Wang, Jijian Long, Guoxiang Liu & Zhengyu Hu (2018) Coronacoccus hengyangensis gen. et sp. nov., a new member of Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) with radiococcacean morphology, Phycologia, 57:4, 363-373, DOI: 10.2216/17-65.1

[12] [12]
Hegewald, Eberhard; Hangata, Nobutaka. Phylogenetic studies on Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta). Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes. 2000-12-20, 100: 29–49. doi:10.1127/algol_stud/100/2000/29.

[i0031-8884-43-5-529.1-13] [13]
Krienitz, Lothar; Hegewald, Eberhard H.; Hepperle, Dominik; Huss, Volker A. R.; Rohr, Thomas; Wolf, Matthias. Phylogenetic relationship of Chlorella and Parachlorella gen. nov. (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Phycologia. 2004-09, 43 (5): 529–542. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-5-529.1.

[14] [14]
Marvin W. Fawley, Karen P. Fawley & Heather A. Owen (2005) Diversity and ecology of small coccoid green algae from Lake Itasca, Minnesota, USA, including Meyerella planktonica, gen. et sp. nov., Phycologia, 44:1, 35-48, DOI: 10.2216/0031-8884(2005)44[35:DAEOSC]2.0.CO;2

[15] [15]
William J. Henley, Janice L. Hironaka, Laure Guillou, Mark A. Buchheim, Julie A. Buchheim, Marvin W. Fawley & Karen P. Fawley (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of the 『Nannochloris-like’ algae and diagnoses of Picochlorum oklahomensis gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), Phycologia, 43:6, 641-652, DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-43-6-641.1

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]