GPT-1,全稱基於轉換器的生成式預訓練模型1(Generative Pre-trained Transformer 1)是繼2017年Google推出Transformer架構後,OpenAI推出的第一個大型語言模型[3]。2018年,OpenAI發布了一篇名為《通過生成式預訓練提高語言理解能力》(Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training)的論文,其中介紹了該初期模型以及基於轉換器的生成式預訓練模型的總體概念[4] 。
Zhu, Yukun; Kiros, Ryan; Zemel, Richard; Salakhutdinov, Ruslan; Urtasun, Raquel; Torralba, Antonio; Fidler, Sanja. Aligning Books and Movies: Towards Story-like Visual Explanations by Watching Movies and Reading Books. 2015-06-22. arXiv:1506.06724 [cs.CV]. # of books: 11,038 / # of sentences: 74,004,228 / # of words: 984,846,357 / mean # of words per sentence: 13 / median # of words per sentence: 11
Williams, Adina; Nangia, Nikita; Bowman, Samuel. A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inference(PDF). Association for Computational Linguistics. 2018-06-01 [2021-01-23]. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於2020-02-11). At 433k examples, this resource is one of the largest corpora available for natural language inference (a.k.a. recognizing textual entailment), [...] offering data from ten distinct genres of written and spoken English [...] while supplying an explicit setting for evaluating cross-genre domain adaptation.
Mostafazadeh, Nasrin; Roth, Michael; Louis, Annie; Chambers, Nathanael; Allen, James F. LSDSem 2017 Shared Task: The Story Cloze Test(PDF). Association for Computational Linguistics. 2017-04-03 [2021-01-23]. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於2020-11-22). The LSDSem』17 shared task is the Story Cloze Test, a new evaluation for story understanding and script learning. This test provides a system with a four-sentence story and two possible endings, and the system must choose the correct ending to the story. Successful narrative understanding (getting closer to human performance of 100%) requires systems to link various levels of semantics to commonsense knowledge.
Wang, Alex; Singh, Amanpreet; Michael, Julian; Hill, Felix; Levy, Omar; Bowman, Samuel R. GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding. 2018-04-20. arXiv:1804.07461 [cs.CL].
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