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國際商品編碼(英語:International Article Number),即歐洲商品編碼(European Article Number,EAN),原來只是歐洲範圍內商品代碼,而現在已是全球範圍內產品交易的商品代碼。為了適應讀碼器辨認的需要,這些代碼又做成大家熟知的條形碼。
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另外,日本於1978年在EAN的基礎上開發出日本商品條碼(Japanese Article Number,JAN)。
國家代碼和生產商代碼由EAN各國總部具體發放和管理
這5位代碼由廠商自行設定
8位的EAN是專門為小商品設置的代碼,所以其組成部分和13位EAN是不同的。
國家代碼和生產商代碼由EAN各國總部具體發放和管理
這2位代碼由廠商自行設定
國家代碼只能代表包裝該項商品的廠商所在國家(地區),並無法表示出原始生產地。未在下表出現的數字,乃是針對未來使用而保留。
美國依據1970年IBM喬治·勞雷爾所開發12位數字的通用產品代碼(Universal Product Code,縮寫「UPC」),在1973年制定為標準,後來重新改劃為「UPC-A」[2][3][4]。一年之後,為了和美國能協調一致歐洲也指定了一套類似的貨品代碼體系。1977年建立了歐洲貨品協會European Article Association,其組織成員覆蓋了全球98個國家。為了綜合美國和歐洲的產品代碼,設在美國的「均勻碼理事會」(Uniform Code Council, UCC)把現今使用的EAN稱為EAN·UCC。
1981年,EAN已發展為國際性組織,改名為國際商品編碼協會。
2005年EAN正式更名為GS1(Global Standard One)。 2005年1月1日起北美洲實行EAN-13的貨品代碼。
一位數字由兩條明線和兩條暗線來定義。
四條線段以最細的一條為標準,分別有一倍、兩倍、三倍、四倍四種粗細。
同時一位數字的四條線段加起來的粗度正好是標準線段(最細線段)的七倍。
First digit | First group of 6 digits | Last group of 6 digits |
---|---|---|
0 | LLLLLL | RRRRRR |
1 | LLGLGG | RRRRRR |
2 | LLGGLG | RRRRRR |
3 | LLGGGL | RRRRRR |
4 | LGLLGG | RRRRRR |
5 | LGGLLG | RRRRRR |
6 | LGGGLL | RRRRRR |
7 | LGLGLG | RRRRRR |
8 | LGLGGL | RRRRRR |
9 | LGGLGL | RRRRRR |
First group of 4 digits | Last group of 4 digits |
---|---|
LLLL | RRRR |
Digit | L-code | G-code | R-code |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0001101 | 0100111 | 1110010 |
1 | 0011001 | 0110011 | 1100110 |
2 | 0010011 | 0011011 | 1101100 |
3 | 0111101 | 0100001 | 1000010 |
4 | 0100011 | 0011101 | 1011100 |
5 | 0110001 | 0111001 | 1001110 |
6 | 0101111 | 0000101 | 1010000 |
7 | 0111011 | 0010001 | 1000100 |
8 | 0110111 | 0001001 | 1001000 |
9 | 0001011 | 0010111 | 1110100 |
要編碼一個13位數字,需要先把這些數字分為3部分:第一個數字,開始6個數字和後6個數字。開始的6個數字有兩種編碼模式,even模式(標識為G)和odd模式(標識為L)。第一個數字不會直接用G或L模式編碼,但決定了開始6數字是用G模式還是L模式。後6個數字都會用RRRRRR模式來編碼。 To encode the 13-digit EAN-13 number, the digits are split into 3 groups; the first digit, the first group of 6 and the last group of 6. The first group of 6 is encoded using a pattern whereby each digit has two possible encodings, one of which has even parity (denoted with letter G) and one of which has odd parity (denoted with letter L). The first digit is not represented directly by a pattern of bars and spaces, but is encoded indirectly, by selecting a pattern of choices between these two encodings for the first group of 6 digits, according to the table below. All digits in the last group of 6 digits are encoded using a single pattern RRRRRR, the one also used for UPC.
比如第一個數字為0,那麼前6個數字全部使用LLLLLL模式來編碼。UPC條碼可以理解為一個0開頭的EAN13條碼。 If the first digit is zero, all digits in the first group of 6 are encoded using the pattern LLLLLL used for UPC, therefore, a UPC barcode is also an EAN-13 barcode with the first digit set to zero.
This encoding guarantees that the first group always starts with an L-code, which has odd parity, and that the second group always starts with an R-code, which has even parity. Thus, it does not matter whether the barcode is scanned from the left or from the right, as the scanning software can use this parity to identify the start and end of the code.
EAN-8 barcodes encode all digits directly, using this scheme:
Note: Entries in the R-column are bitwise complements (logical operator: negation) of the respective entries in the L-column. Entries in the G-column are the entries in the R-column in reverse bit order. See pictures of all codes against a colored background.
A run of one or more black areas is known as a "bar", and a run of one or more white areas is known as a "space". As can be seen in the table, each digit's encoding comprises two bars and two spaces, and the maximum width of a bar or space is four areas.
所以,範例的校驗碼是 9,完整的國際商品條碼為 490-8569-21968-9。
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