阿爾及利亞戰爭

阿爾及利亞戰爭; ثورة التحرير الجزائرية‎; Guerre d'Algérie
	冷戰與非洲的非殖民化的一部分
日期	1954年11月1日－1962年3月19日
地點	阿爾及利亞
結果	法屬阿爾及利亞獨立僵持; 阿爾及利亞解放陣線政治宣傳勝利; 雙方達成埃維昂協議; 法蘭西殖民帝國瓦解; 法蘭西第四共和國倒台; 法蘭西第五共和國成立;
參戰方
指揮官與領導者
兵力
傷亡與損失
	總死亡: 250,000–300,000人（包含55,000-250,000人阿爾及利亞平民(有15萬平民為民族解放陣線屠殺)）; ; ~1,500,000人死亡(民族解放陣線估計，明顯誇大); ~700,000人死亡(Horne 估計); ~350,000人死亡(法國估計); 1百萬歐洲平民被迫逃離阿爾及利亞; 200,000名猶太人逃離; 2,000,000名平民流離失所;

阿爾及利亞戰爭，也稱為阿爾及利亞革命或阿爾及利亞獨立戰爭，是1954年至1962年期間法國和阿爾及利亞民族解放陣線之間的戰爭，這導致阿爾及利亞脫離法國殖民統治。

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法國軍隊雖然在軍事上取得優勢，但其所採用的殘酷鎮壓手段未能在阿爾及利亞贏得人心，疏遠了法國本土的支持，並損害了法國在國外的聲望。^[22] 隨著戰爭持續，法國公眾的反戰情緒開始高漲，^[23]而包括美國在內的許多法國盟友在聯合國關於阿爾及利亞的辯論中從支持法國轉為棄權。^[24]

軍事衝突令法國出現嚴重的政治危機，法國軍隊在1958年5月發動政變，導致第四共和國垮台，由總統權力更大的第五共和國取代，夏爾·戴高樂重新掌權。1960年，在阿爾及爾等主要城市爆發大規模支持獨立的遊行，以及支持阿爾及利亞獨立的聯合國決議獲得通過後，第五共和國第一任總統戴高樂決定與民族解放陣線展開一系列談判。1962年3月，雙方簽署埃維昂協議，正式停戰，為阿爾及利亞獨立展開準備。

法國就協議在1962年4月8日進行公投，91%法國選民贊成批准埃維昂協議。^[25] 7月1日，該協議在阿爾及利亞進行了第二次公投，其中99.72%選民投票支持獨立，只有0.28%反對。^[26]

獨立的計劃在法國引發了國家危機。這包括對戴高樂的各種暗殺企圖以及一些軍事政變企圖。前者大部分由秘密軍事組織 (OAS) 執行。該組織主要由支持法國殖民統治的法國軍人組成，在阿爾及利亞和法國本土策劃多次炸彈襲擊和謀殺行動，試圖阻止阿爾及利亞獨立。

1962年阿爾及利亞獨立後，由於擔心民族解放陣線的報復，90萬歐裔阿爾及利亞人 (黑腳) 逃往法國，約9萬曾為法國軍隊提供協助的阿爾及利亞穆斯林亦在法國軍官的協助下逃到法國本土。法國政府對接收如此龐大的難民毫無準備，這在法國引起了社會動盪。

1830年法國佔領了阿爾及利亞，建立法屬阿爾及利亞殖民地，於1834年宣佈阿爾及利亞為法國屬地。在法國統治期間，大批歐洲人來到阿爾及利亞定居。1954年時，大約有100萬歐洲裔人口在阿爾及利亞生活，當中包括大量世代居於當地的法裔居民。對許多法國人來說，放棄阿爾及利亞是難以接受的。

1954年11月1日，爭取阿爾及利亞獨立的「民族解放陣線」開始武裝反抗法國人的統治，游擊隊在該日凌晨在境內多個地點襲擊軍事設施、警崗、貨倉、通訊設施及公共設施。民族解放陣線的武裝力量稱「民族解放軍」，開始時僅有數百名武裝人員，到1957年已發展為一支人數近4萬人的武裝部隊。當中逾3萬人是匿藏在摩洛哥及突尼西亞接壤阿爾及利亞邊境地區的外部單位，他們的主要作用是分散法軍兵力，迫使法軍在邊境佈置兵力阻截敵軍滲透。民族解放陣線的主要戰鬥由阿爾及利亞境內的內部成員擔當，有人估計這些內部成員有6000人，也有人估計逾25000人，另有數千人屬兼職性質的非正式成員。

在1956年至1957年間，民族解放陣線採取打了就跑的游擊戰術，以伏擊和夜襲為主，避免與裝備較佳的法軍交戰。他們也發動一些綁架事件，對象包括法軍、法國僑民、懷疑通敵者或叛徒，後來更擴大至政府僱員甚至是一些不肯跟他們合作的農民。

到1956年時，法國在阿爾及利亞已投入超過40萬法軍。攻擊敵軍的戰鬥任務主要由精銳的殖民地步兵空降單位及法國外籍兵團擔當。有大約17萬阿爾及利亞穆斯林在法國正規軍中服役，大多數是自願加入。

在1950年代後期，法國人把200萬以上的阿爾及利亞人從家鄉（大部份在山區）強迫遷徙到平原地區，防止他們支援叛軍。

1962年3月18日，法國與阿爾及利亞民族解放陣線雙方簽署了埃維昂協議，同意阿爾及利亞舉行公民投票決定是否獨立。1962年7月1日，阿爾及利亞選民在投票中幾乎一面倒地贊成獨立。法國在7月3日承認阿爾及利亞為一個獨立國家。

關於這次戰爭的總死亡人數，民族解放陣線估計有30萬人在這場戰爭中因戰事死亡，有些阿爾及利亞方面的數字估計為100萬人，法國官方數字則為35萬人。法軍傷亡方面，法國公佈有25600法軍死亡，當中包括6000人因非戰鬥原因死亡，另有65000人受傷^[14]。BBC的一篇文章指戰爭造成3萬法國人及最少50萬阿爾及利亞人喪生。^[27]

大量歐裔人口（法文稱他們為pied-noir，意思是「黑腳」），包括猶太人，在阿爾及利亞獨立之際逃離當地，僅在1962年的幾個月內就有90萬人離開。

一些本地的阿爾及利亞穆斯林站在法國一方，稱為哈基人。根據法國官方數字，在1962年有23,6000名阿爾及利亞穆斯林為法國陸軍服務，有些人在正規單位，另一些則是非正規人員。有些人認為忠於法國的穆斯林及其家人多達100萬人，不過40萬人這個數字較多被引用。

在1962年，雖然法國官方政策反對，仍有約91,000名哈基人逃到法國。許多阿爾及利亞人視哈基人為叛徒，許多留在阿爾及利亞的哈基人在當地獨立後受到報復，法國歷史學者估計有5萬至15萬哈基人及其家人在阿爾及利亞被殺。雖然法國在雅克·希拉克總統任內確認了哈基人所受的苦難，不過法國對哈基人的處理方式至今仍存有爭議。[28]

《阿爾及爾之戰》 The Battle of Algiers，導演 Gillo Pontecorvo，獲1966年威尼斯金獅獎。

[1]
Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike. The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. 1997: 11. ISBN 9781855326583.
[2]
Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
[3]
Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.
[4]
George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.
[5]
Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. 12 October 2016: 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.
[6]
R. Aldrich. Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10 December 2004: 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.
[7]
Alec G. Hargreaves. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. 2005: 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
[8]
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
[9]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack. Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. 2008: 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.
[10]
Yves Beigbeder. Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006: 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
[11]
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013: 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
[12]
Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17
[13]
存档副本 (PDF). [2019-12-12]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-08）.
[14]
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.. 1978: 358. ISBN 9781590172186. Authors list列表中的|first1=缺少|last1= (幫助)
[15]
Algeria: War of independence. Mass Atrocity Endings. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-14）.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

Meynier's work cited was: Meynier, Gilbert. Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-13）.
[16]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 664. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）.
[17]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 694. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Horne的參考文獻提供內容
[19]
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. 2000: 38 [2017-01-13]. ISBN 9780199241040. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
[20]
Hobson, Faure L. The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?. Archives Juives. 2009, 42 (2): 67–81 [2022-02-24]. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-13）.
[21]
Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change. countrystudies.us. [2017-01-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-03）.
[22]
Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.
[23]
Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.
[24]
Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.
[25]
"référendum 1962 Algérie" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. france-politique.fr. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
[26]
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6 July 1962. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
[27]
France's 'brutal colonial war' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），BBC News，2001年11月27日。

Algerian War Reading
Algerian Independence Archive at marxists.org （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The Colonial System and Algerian Nationalism
（法文） Photos of the Algerian War of Independence (ECPAD)
Algerian National Liberation （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958 by David Galula （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Audiovisual National Institute's declassified Algeria War archives （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (hundreds of free video: news rushes, interviews, official speeches, retrospectives, etc.)
Algerian War Retrospective （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The African Activist Archive Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） website has material related to Algeria including a 1960 photograph of Mary-Louise Hooper with the FLN underground. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Go to Browse and under Africa Coverage choose Algeria.

[Windrow-1] [1]
Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike. The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. 1997: 11. ISBN 9781855326583.

[2] [2]
Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108

[3] [3]
Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.

[4] [4]
George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.

[Young2016-5] [5]
Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. 12 October 2016: 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.

[Aldrich2004-6] [6]
R. Aldrich. Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 10 December 2004: 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.

[Hargreaves2005-7] [7]
Alec G. Hargreaves. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. 2005: 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

[8] [8]
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).

[9] [9]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack. Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. 2008: 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.

[Beigbeder2006-10] [10]
Yves Beigbeder. Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006: 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.

[11] [11]
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013: 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.

[French_Army_strength-12] [12]
Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17

[13] [13]
存档副本 (PDF). [2019-12-12]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-08）.

[#1-14] [14]
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.. 1978: 358. ISBN 9781590172186. Authors list列表中的|first1=缺少|last1= (幫助)

[civilians-15] [15]
Algeria: War of independence. Mass Atrocity Endings. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-14）.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

Meynier's work cited was: Meynier, Gilbert. Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-13）.

[democide-16] [16]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 664. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）.

[democide2-17] [17]
Rummel, Rudolph J. STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Table 14.1 B; row 694. [2022-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）.

[Horne-18] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Horne的參考文獻提供內容

[google4-19] [19]
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. 2000: 38 [2017-01-13]. ISBN 9780199241040. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.

[20] [20]
Hobson, Faure L. The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?. Archives Juives. 2009, 42 (2): 67–81 [2022-02-24]. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-13）.

[countrystudies-21] [21]
Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change. countrystudies.us. [2017-01-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-03）.

[22] [22]
Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.

[23] [23]
Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.

[24] [24]
Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.

[25] [25]
"référendum 1962 Algérie" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. france-politique.fr. Retrieved 2017-01-13.

[26] [26]
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6 July 1962. Retrieved 2009-04-08.

[27] [27]
France's 'brutal colonial war' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），BBC News，2001年11月27日。

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阿爾及利亞戰爭

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背景

過程

結果

歐裔居民及哈基人的逃亡

影視

參考文獻

外部連結