阿努納奇(Anunnaki),或譯作阿努那奇、安努納、阿嫩納基[1]、安努那基、阿努納基,是蘇美人神話中一組有血緣關係的神,既是地上之神,又是地下之神(冥神)[2]。
阿努納奇有各種不同寫法,它的意思是說「王子」或者「安努的兒子」[2]。《牛津世界神話大集》說阿努納奇「……是蘇美爾的古老神祇;他們克托尼俄斯神祇里的生育神,後來被和冥界聯繫到一起,在那裡他們成為審批神。他們的名字來自古老的天神安努」[3]。
安努的妻子祺生阿努納基,其中最著名的是空氣神恩利爾。按照傳說在恩利爾出生前天和地無法區分,恩利爾把天和地劈開。祺和恩利爾選擇地。
有些學者懷疑祺不是神因為沒有她的廟宇,她的名字也僅僅出現在少數蘇美爾創世文字裡。山姆·諾亞·克萊默認為祺實際上和蘇美爾的母親神是同一個神祇。
他們本來源自不同地方,但很早就連在一起。據古巴比倫文獻,阿努納基諸神住在聖城尼普爾(Nippur)。據烏爾第三王朝(前21世紀)的蘇美爾文獻,他們是安努之子;後來阿卡德文獻則說他們的父親是馬爾杜克。關於阿努納基神的數目說法不一,從七個到六百個,通常的說法是五十個。馬爾杜克把六百個阿努納基神分成三百個「天上神」和三百個「地下神」(冥神)。他們的職能不是很明確的,主要是決定人的命運。某個神的威力大小,通過他們的反應得到說明。例如:安努一句話或一瞥目光就會使他們發抖。小魔怪的潛力就可把他們打入縫隙中。他們是人神交往的中介,一般誓言裡不涉及他們的名字。「地下的」阿努納基諸神自成一個體系,通常是冥國的判官(參見伊南娜、埃列什基伽勒),由冥國女王埃列什基伽勒掌管。阿卡德時代所有的神分成兩大族群;阿努納基是地上神和冥神,伊吉格是宇宙神。
他們與蘇美爾被稱為伊吉吉的天神們的關係不明。有時他們與他們是同義詞,但是在阿特拉哈西斯大洪水傳說里伊吉吉是要為阿努納基服務的第六代神,但是在40天後造反,後來被創造的人類取代[4]。
傑里米·布萊克和安東尼·格林就伊吉吉和阿努納奇之間的關係提供了另一個解釋,他們說「伊吉吉是古巴比倫時期(十位)『大神』的名字。後來中蘇美爾和巴比倫時期它們被泛用來指天神,而阿努納奇則在後來被泛用來指冥界的神。創世神話里提到有300名伊吉吉天神。[5]」
阿努納奇在巴比倫創世神話《埃努瑪·埃利什》裡出現[6]。後來的版本裡馬爾杜克被擴大,他把阿努納奇分開並分給他們各自的領域,300個管天,300個管地。
在吉爾伽美什史詩里烏塔那匹茲姆敘述大洪水的故事的時候提到阿努納奇。在這個傳說里地獄裡的七名判官叫做阿努納奇,暴風雨來臨時他們把大地點燃[7]。
後來的蘇美爾和巴比倫神話說阿努納奇是安努和祺的孩子,是兄弟姊妹神。而安努和祺則是安沙爾和基沙爾的孩子,而他們又是拉哈穆和拉赫穆的孩子,創世之地埃里都的阿勃祖廟的看守。而他們又是迪亞馬特和阿勃祖的孩子。
在撒迦利亞·西琴的《地球編年史》被當作來自尼比魯的外星人,並且幫助人類文明[8][9],以及他們與人類的混種後代就是《聖經》上的拿非利人[10]。
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