在物理學中，衰減（英語：attenuation或extinction）是指通量在介質中隨着傳播而逐漸損耗強度。例如陽光在穿過墨鏡時衰減，X射線會在鉛中衰減，光和聲音會在水和空氣當中以不同衰減率衰減。
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