植物油

植物油（英語：Vegetable oil），由植物來源取得的油脂，通常是由植物種子中取得，主要成分三酸甘油脂依來源不同有多種脂肪酸組合。植物油一詞有時會特別用來指在室溫下會保持液體形態的植物來源油脂（Plant oil），而在室溫下會保持固體形態的則稱為植物脂（Plant fat）。人類從很古老的時代就開始使用植物油，主要用於烹調食物之用。熱帶植物油普遍相較於溫寒帶植物油，通常含有較多比例的飽和脂肪酸，因為其於高溫下較為穩定，細胞膜脂結構較不易破壞^[1]。

將食用油（主要為甘油三酯）從植物中提取出來，有壓榨、溶劑提取等方式，出油率各不相同。

More information 方式, 出油率 ...

不同方式榨取長葉紫荊木（英語：Madhuca longifolia）種子油的效率對比^[2]
方式	出油率
Ghani（見下）	20–30%
榨油機	34–37%
溶劑	40–43%

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機械壓榨

機械壓榨在工業上一般是使用榨油機（英語：expeller pressing），但螺旋壓力機、衝壓榨油機（英語：ram press (food)）、ghani（印度傳統，動物驅動杵臼）等也有使用。機械榨油啟動成本低，在工業化程度低的發展中國家和小作坊中較常用，其中印度較常使用ghani。^[3]

冷壓、初榨

冷壓初榨是植物油（如橄欖油）的處理方式，冷壓是榨油時，將溫度控制在攝氏60度到80度（而不是一般熱壓的攝氏200度以上），油品可以保存較久，但生產需要的時間較長^[4]，初榨則是指原材料第一次榨取時得到的油品^[4]。

溶劑萃取

大規模的工業植物油生產常用的是化學提取法，將輸入材料打碎後使用溶劑進行萃取。這類做法出油更多、速度更快、單位成本也更低。目前最常用的溶劑是己烷。在萃取後，食用油會被加熱到約300 °F（149 °C），通過蒸發去除溶劑殘留。^[5]

超臨界二氧化碳作為一種無毒綠色溶劑，正被研究用於工業規模的產油。^[6]

產量

去味

對植物油進行精煉時，一般將其在接近真空中加熱到煙點附近或約450 °F（232 °C），並在容器底部加入少量水。^[7]這樣的低壓蒸汽蒸餾（：蒸汽蒸餾）可以去除油中可溶於水的雜質，包括帶來油耗味的游離脂肪酸，起到除色、除味的效果。幾乎所有現代的食用油，如大豆油、玉米油、芥花油，都經過去味處理。這樣做的壞處是可能移除油中的一些天然組分，並且會稍稍提升反式脂肪含量。^[8]^[9]^[10]

氫化

More information 植物油本表列出每100克植物油中各種成分的含量，單位為克（另有標記除外）；所有數據四捨五入保留一位小數，-表示無數據來源。, 名稱 ...

植物油本表列出每100克植物油中各種成分的含量，單位為克（另有標記除外）；所有數據四捨五入保留一位小數，-表示無數據來源。
名稱	主要原料	數據來源	飽和脂肪酸	單不飽和脂肪酸	多不飽和脂肪酸			反式脂肪酸	α-生育酚（英語：alpha-Tocopherol）（毫克）	維生素K1 （微克）
名稱	主要原料	數據來源	飽和脂肪酸	單不飽和脂肪酸	總量	其中： ω-3脂肪酸	其中： ω-6脂肪酸	反式脂肪酸	α-生育酚（英語：alpha-Tocopherol）（毫克）	維生素K1 （微克）
扁桃仁油	扁桃仁	舊標準參考^[11]	8.2	69.9	17.4	-	-	-	39.2	7
杏仁油	杏仁	舊標準參考^[12]	6.3	60	29.3	-	-	-	4	0
牛油果油	鱷梨	舊標準參考^[13]	11.6	70.6	13.5	-	-	-	0	0
芥花籽油	油菜	基礎數據^[14]	6.6	62.6	25.3	7.5	17.8	0	17.3	0
椰子油	椰子	基礎數據^[15]	82.5	6.3	1.7	0	1.7	0	0.1	0.6
玉米油	玉米	基礎數據^[16]	13.4	27.7	52.9	1	51.9	0	22.6	0
食用棉籽油	棉花屬	舊標準參考^[17]	25.9	17.8	51.9	-	-	-	35.3	24.7
冷榨亞麻籽油	亞麻	舊標準參考^[18]	9	18.4	67.8	53.4	14.3	0.1	0.5	9.3
葡萄籽油	葡萄	舊標準參考^[19]	9.6	16.1	69.9	-	-	-	28.8	0
榛子油	榛子	舊標準參考^[20]	7.4	78	10.2	-	-	-	47.2	0
芥末油	芥菜籽	舊標準參考^[21]	11.6	59.2	21.2	-	-	-	0	0
淡橄欖油	油橄欖	基礎數據^[22]	15.8	66.6	10.4	0.6	9.7	0.1	20.9	26
特級初榨橄欖油	油橄欖	基礎數據^[23]	15.4	69.2	9.1	0.7	8.4	0	0	0
棕櫚油	油棕	舊標準參考^[24]	49.3	37	9.3	-	-	-	15.9	8
花生油	花生	基礎數據^[25]	16.2	57.1	19.9	0.3	19.6	0.2	15.2	4.2
罌粟籽油	罌粟籽	舊標準參考^[26]	13.5	19.7	62.4	-	-	-	11.4	0
稻米油	米糠	舊標準參考^[27]	19.7	39.3	35	-	-	-	32.3	24.7
紅花籽油	紅花	基礎數據^[28]	7.7	71.6	13.8	0.2	13.6	0.1	46	5.3
芝麻油	芝麻	舊標準參考^[29]	14.2	39.7	41.7	-	-	-	1.4	13.6
乳木果油	乳木果	舊標準參考^[30]	46.6	44	5.2	-	-	-	0	0
大豆油	大豆	基礎數據^[31]	14.9	22.1	57.6	6.6	50.9	0	12.2	0
葵花籽油	葵花籽	基礎數據^[32]	9	63.4	20.7	0.2	20.5	0.1	68.5	6.9
山茶油	油茶	舊標準參考^[33]	21.1	51.5	23	-	-	-	0	0
番茄籽油	番茄	舊標準參考^[34]	19.7	22.8	53.1	-	-	-	3.8	0
核桃油	核桃	舊標準參考^[35]	9.1	22.8	63.3	-	-	-	0.4	15
小麥胚芽油	小麥	舊標準參考^[36]	18.8	15.1	61.7	-	-	-	149.4	24.7

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[1]
植物在逆境下的生理反應（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）清華大學生命科學院。
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Janet Bachmann. Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers. [2006-07-31]. （原始內容存檔於2006-08-24）.
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「冷壓初榨」到底是什麼意思？無毒專家：我家不吃沙拉油的原因是.... [2016-07-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-05）.
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Polyunsaturated Fats. Clark's Nutrition. [March 13, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-19）.
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Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose. Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2006, 83 (10): 863–868. S2CID 59940212. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6.
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Feuge, R. O. Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use. usda.gov. [March 13, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-19）. Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450° F. and maintained under a pressure of 0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.
[8]
Gupta, Monoj K. Practical guide to vegetable oil processing Second. Amsterdam. 2017. ISBN 978-1-63067-051-1. OCLC 974497799.
[9]
Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway. Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. 2008 [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-0-12-804352-3. OCLC 491265615. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-28）.
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植物在逆境下的生理反應（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）清華大學生命科學院。

[2] [2]
B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman. Illipe. Minor oil crops. FAO. 1992 [2006-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-02）.

[3] [3]
Janet Bachmann. Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers. [2006-07-31]. （原始內容存檔於2006-08-24）.

[ARTL000021771-4] [4]
「冷壓初榨」到底是什麼意思？無毒專家：我家不吃沙拉油的原因是.... [2016-07-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-05）.

[5] [5]
Polyunsaturated Fats. Clark's Nutrition. [March 13, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-19）.

[6] [6]
Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose. Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2006, 83 (10): 863–868. S2CID 59940212. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6.

[7] [7]
Feuge, R. O. Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use. usda.gov. [March 13, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-19）. Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450° F. and maintained under a pressure of 0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.

[8] [8]
Gupta, Monoj K. Practical guide to vegetable oil processing Second. Amsterdam. 2017. ISBN 978-1-63067-051-1. OCLC 974497799.

[9] [9]
Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway. Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. 2008 [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-0-12-804352-3. OCLC 491265615. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-28）.

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Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [2021-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-09）.

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機械壓榨

冷壓、初榨

溶劑萃取

產量

去味

氫化

Wikiwand in your browser!

植物油

機械壓榨

冷壓、初榨

溶劑萃取

產量

去味

氫化

Wikiwand in your browser!

提取

處理

成分

參考文獻

外部連結

參見