拓撲流形
拓樸空間 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
在數學中,拓撲流形( topological manifold )是一個「局部上看起來像是 」的拓樸空間,是微分幾何的主要研究對象。所有其他類型的流形( manifolds )都是帶有額結構的拓撲流形。例如可微流形是一個帶有額外的「微分結構」的拓撲流形;而光滑流形則要求這個「微分結構」要是無窮可微的。
形式定義
一個 維拓撲流形(或簡稱流形)是一個拓撲空間 ,滿足以下性質[1]:
範例
範例
- Projective spaces over the reals, complexes, or quaternions are compact manifolds.
- Real projective space RPn is a n-dimensional manifold.
- Complex projective space CPn is a 2n-dimensional manifold.
- Quaternionic projective space HPn is a 4n-dimensional manifold.
- Manifolds related to projective space include Grassmannians, flag manifolds, and Stiefel manifolds.
- Differentiable manifolds are a class of topological manifolds equipped with a differential structure.
- Lens spaces are a class of differentiable manifolds that are quotients of odd-dimensional spheres.
- Lie groups are a class of differentiable manifolds equipped with a compatible group structure.
- The E8 manifold is a topological manifold which cannot be given a differentiable structure.
參考文獻
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