扎格柔斯

扎格柔斯或譯為扎格列歐斯、扎格留斯、匝格瑞俄斯（Zagreus，希臘語：Ζαγρεύς），有時祂被認定為俄耳甫斯教信徒所膜拜的神祇，是最初的酒神，乃宙斯與珀耳塞福涅所生之子，曾遭受提坦的支解並且又獲重生。^[1]最早提及扎格柔斯的神話中，祂與大地女神蓋亞是婚配關係並被尊為「至高」之神，不過有可能僅僅在指祂是冥界神祇中地位崇高者。然而埃斯庫羅斯卻把黑帝斯與扎格柔斯關係作了聯繫，認為祂可能為黑帝斯之子，亦或與黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。^[2]值得注意的是「黑帝斯被認定成宙斯在陰間的另一神格（Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios^[3] alter ego）」，有「陰間宙斯」稱號，提摩西·甘茨（英語：Timothy Gantz）（Timothy Gantz）則假設最初扎格柔斯可能是黑帝斯與珀耳塞福涅之子，後來與俄耳甫斯教神祇狄俄倪索斯（本身為宙斯和珀耳塞福涅之子）身分等同。^[4]

詞源

有關扎格柔斯原文──Zagreus的來源，正如同卡爾·克雷尼（英語：Károly Kerényi）（Karl Kerényi）根據赫西丘斯訓詁（the Hesychian gloss）^[5]所解釋的那樣：愛奧尼亞希臘語中捕捉活獵物的獵人被稱為zagreus，而zagre這字根其意思是「捕捉活獵物的坑（pit for the capture of live animals）」。^[6]克雷尼這麼說道「我們可以合理來質問，為何如此神話般偉大獵人，乃野生動物捕捉者而非屠殺者，到希臘卻轉變成冥界的神秘神靈呢？（We may justifiably ask, why was this great mythical hunter, who in Greece became a mysterious god of the underworld, a capturer of wild animals and not a killer?）」^[7]克雷尼也將扎格柔斯形象與古老酒神儀式聯繫起來，認為小動物遭肢解被生啖其肉，「此非希臘酒神教派作風，而是史前宗教儀式轉化或遺留之習俗（not as an emanation of the Greek Dionysian religion, but rather as a migration or survival of a prehistoric rite）」。^[8][9]

古希臘宗教觀的冥界

更多資訊：黑帝斯、冥界 (希臘神話)、水仙平原、塔耳塔羅斯和至福樂土

早期僅於亡佚作品的片段中有提及扎格柔斯，^[10]當中已將希臘冥界與扎格柔斯做了連結。最早是出現於《阿爾克邁翁詩（英語：Alcmeonis）》（Alcmeonis，西元前六世紀？）單獨引述的詩句：

中譯：大地之母〔蓋亞〕，以及諸神中至尊扎格柔斯。
原文英譯：Mistress Earth [Gaia], and Zagreus highest of all the gods.

也許此處是指祂乃冥界最高神。^[11]

顯然地，對於埃斯庫羅斯而言扎格柔斯實質上就是冥界神靈。在埃斯庫羅斯失傳劇作《西西弗斯》（Sisyphus，約西元前五世紀）當中的一段詩句談到，扎格柔斯似乎是黑帝斯之子，^[12]但在埃斯庫羅另一作品《埃及人》（Aigyptioi）裡，扎格柔斯看來又被認為與黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。^[13]從歐里庇得斯遺佚劇作《克里特人》（Cretan Men or Kretes）片段中，歌隊將他們自己描述為伊達山（英語：Mount Ida (Crete)）宙斯（希臘神話中，伊達山有一處宙斯出生的穴窟──伊達洞府〔Idaean Cave〕，此山被視作祂母親提坦既時光女神──雷亞聖地）啟蒙者以及「夜遊扎格柔斯，執行祂生肉盛宴（night-ranging Zagreus, performing his feasts of raw flesh）」儀式的司祭。^[14][9]

俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯·扎格柔斯

更多資訊：法涅斯、俄耳甫斯教、狄俄倪索斯秘儀和俄耳甫斯蛋

狄俄倪索斯馬賽克鑲嵌畫，出自澤烏瑪馬賽克博物館（英語：Zeugma Mosaic Museum）（Zeugma Mosaic Museum）波塞冬館（the House of Poseidon）

在歐里庇得斯斷章殘篇中所述的扎格柔斯讓人聯想到宙斯和塞墨勒（Semele）之子──酒神狄俄倪索斯，^[15]事實上，儘管「扎格柔斯」並沒有出現在俄耳甫斯教發源地（色雷斯）的任何一處，但此名號在其他地方已被認定就是俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯（同體異名），而且其神話傳說與其他普遍流傳的版本截然不同。^[16]此尊狄俄倪索斯乃宙斯與珀耳塞福涅之子，在嬰兒時期，祂慘遭提坦迫害及肢解，而後又重生成為宙斯和塞墨勒之子。

大眾文化

參見：黑帝斯 (遊戲)

2020年由超級巨人遊戲工作室發行的電子遊戲《黑帝斯》遊戲內容，扎格柔斯被設定成本作主角。^[17][18]遊戲中，作為黑帝斯之子的扎格柔斯（遊戲中文版翻譯為扎格列歐斯）試圖逃出冥界去尋找母親珀耳塞福涅，並了解其母離開的原因。^[19]

註釋

1. Gantz, p. 118; Hard, p. 35 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456.
2. Sommerstein, p. 237 n. 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; Gantz, p. 118; Smyth, p. 459.
3. katachthonios本意為地下的意思。
4. Gantz, p. 119.
5. 赫西丘斯訓詁（the Hesychian gloss）是拜占廷史家、文學傳記作家──米利都的赫西丘斯（英語：Hesychius of Miletus）（Hesychius of Miletus，活躍於西元六世紀）對古典希臘詞彙所做之註釋。
6. Kerényi, p. 82, quotes Hesychius（英語：Hesychius of Miletus）, who gives characteristically Ionian Greek endings.
7. Kerényi, pp. 83–84.
8. Kerényi, p. 85.
9. 佛教立場不殺生祭祀。
10. Gantz, p. 118; West 1983, p. 153.
11. Alcmeonis（英語：Alcmeonis） fr. 3. According to West 2003, p. 41 n. 17: "The line perhaps comes from a prayer in which Alcmaon called upon the powers of the earth to send up his father Amphiaraus."
12. Aeschylus, fr. 228 (Sommerstein, pp. 236, 237 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）).
13. Aeschylus, fr. 5; Sommerstein, p. 237 n. 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; Gantz, p. 118; Smyth, p. 459.
14. Euripides, fr. 472 (Collard & Cropp, pp. 538, 539 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）); West 1983, p. 153.
15. West 1983, p. 154.
16. According to Gantz, p. 118, 'Orphic sources preserved seem not to use the name "Zagreus", and according to West 1983, p. 153, the 'name was probably not used in the Orphic narrative'. Edmonds 1999, p. 37 n. 6 says: 'Lobeck 1892 seems to be responsible for the use of the name Zagreus for the Orphic Dionysos. As Linforth noticed, "It is a curious thing that the name Zagreus does not appear in any Orphic poem or fragment, nor is it used by any author who refers to Orpheus" (Linforth 1941:311 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）). In his reconstruction of the story, however, Lobeck made extensive use of the fifth-century CE epic of Nonnos, who does use the name Zagreus, and later scholars followed his cue. The association of Dionysos with Zagreus appears first explicitly in a fragment of Callimachus preserved in the Etymologicum Magnum (fr. 43.117 P), with a possible earlier precedent in the fragment from Euripides Cretans (fr. 472 Nauck). Earlier evidence, however, (e.g., Alkmaionis fr. 3 PEG; Aeschylus frr. 5, 228) suggests that Zagreus was often identified with other deities.'
17. Wiltshire, Alex. How Hades plays with Greek myths. Rock Paper Shotgun. February 12, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-09）. Farokhmanesh, Megan. Hades almost starred its worst character. The Verge. March 5, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-29）.
18. What 'Hades' Can Teach Us About Ancient Greek Masculinity. Wired. January 16, 2021 [2021-09-20]. ISSN 1059-1028. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-04） （美國英語）. Hades focuses on Zagreus, who plays such a minor role in myth that, as the titular god of the underworld’s son, he makes a great canvas to fill in for the player character.
19. Gailloreto, Coleman. Does Hades Depict Greek Mythology Authentically?. Screen Rant. August 27, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-17）. Thier, Dave. Spoilers: It's Time To Talk About Hades' Staggering Ending. Forbes. September 28, 2020 [March 19, 2021]. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: History Respawned: Hades. YouTube. October 30, 2020 [March 19, 2021].

相關條目

• 俄耳甫斯教
• 俄耳甫斯蛋
• 輪迴 (古希臘)
• 法涅斯
• 狄俄倪索斯
• 冥界 (希臘神話)
• 至福樂土
• 水仙平原
• 狄俄倪索斯秘儀（英語：Dionysian Mysteries）
• 宇宙蛋（英語：World-Egg）
• 亡魂路引（英語：Totenpass）（或譯為亡魂通行證、亡魂通行金片）
• 希臘羅馬密教
• 珀耳塞福涅

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延伸閱讀

• Ménard, Jacques E. "Le mythe de Dionysos Zagreus chez Philon". In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 42, fascicule 4, 1968. pp. 339–345. doi:10.3406/rscir.1968.2519.
• Pencova, Elka. "À propos du Dionysos thrace". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 20, n°2, 1994. pp. 151–154. doi:10.3406/dha.1994.2183.
• Verhelst, Berenice. "As Multiform as Dionysus: New Perspectives on Nonnus』 Dionysiaca". In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 82, 2013. pp. 267–278. doi:10.3406/antiq.2013.3840.

外部連結

• 研究古希臘眾神專網中關於扎格柔斯的條目 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）