勞工騎士團(英語:Knights of Labor),全稱高貴神聖勞工騎士團(Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor),是19世紀末尤其是1880年代活躍於美國與加拿大[1]的勞工社團,在英國和澳大利亞也有分會[2]。重要領導人是特倫斯·V·鮑德利。勞工騎士團旨在改善工人的社會和文化條件、推動八小時工作制等。在某些時候,勞工騎士團充當工會,與雇主談判,但一直沒有很好的組織或資金。勞工騎士團以組織各性別、種族、熟練和非熟練的勞工為目標,但又支持排華法案。在1880年代中期迅速擴張後,勞工騎士團快速衰落,變回小規模團體。勞工騎士團是美國白人工人階級的第一個群眾組織[3]。
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勞工騎士團
Knights of Labor
勞工騎士團徽章。上面寫着「最完美的政府是每個人受傷害就是所有人的事情」(That is the Most Perfect Goverenment in which an Injury to One is the Concern of All)
1882年,勞工騎士團取消了入會儀式,並從名字中刪除了「高貴神聖」的字樣(Noble and Holy Order)。這是為了安撫天主教成員和那些擔憂他們與共濟會相似的主教。雖然勞工騎士團最初反對罷工作為手段,但協助了各種罷工和抵制行動。1885年的Wabash鐵路罷工事件中,鮑德利最終轉變態度,支持對鐵路大亨傑伊·古爾德發動罷工。事件的起因是一名木匠、勞工騎士團成員 C. A. Hall 參加騎士團會議而被古爾德解僱。罷工行動包括阻斷鐵軌、停止維修發動機、控制或破壞設備、占領工廠和鐵路設施[8]。最終古爾德會見了鮑德利,並同意取消最初引起動盪的反對勞工騎士團的政策。勝利給勞工騎士團帶來了動力,會員人數激增。到1886年,擁有超過70萬人。
勞工騎士團為美國勞工抗議歌曲的傳統做出了貢獻,儘管經常被忽視。騎士團經常在他們的集會中加入音樂,並鼓勵當地成員創作和表演他們的作品。芝加哥的印刷工和騎士團支持者James 和 Emily Talmadge出版了歌曲集《獻給勞工騎士團的勞動歌曲》(1885年)。其中歌曲《Hold the Fort》(也稱為《Storm the Fort》)改編自同名讚美詩,是拉爾夫卓別林的世界產業工人會歌《永遠團結》出現以前最受歡迎的勞動歌曲。 皮特·西格經常演奏這首歌,並且收錄在他的許多唱片中。勞工歌手和作詞人 Bucky Halker 在他的唱片《不要你的百萬錢財》(Don't Want Your Millions)(Revolting Records 2000)中收錄了Talmadge的版本,題為《我們的戰歌》(Our Battle Song)。Clark D. Halker 在關於勞動歌曲和詩歌的書籍《為了民主、工人和上帝:勞動詩歌和勞動抗議,1865-1895》(For Democracy, Workers, and God. Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865-95)中也大量引用了騎士團的歌曲和詩歌[21]。
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