分枝桿菌屬(學名:Mycobacterium)為放線菌門的一屬細菌,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。為形狀不規則的革蘭氏陽性桿菌,不能游動,通常抗酸,無氣生菌絲和孢子。

Quick Facts 分枝桿菌屬, 科學分類 ...
分枝桿菌屬
結核分枝桿菌
科學分類 編輯
域: 細菌域 Bacteria
門: 放線菌門 Actinomycetota
綱: 放線菌綱 Actinomycetes
目: 分枝桿菌目 Mycobacteriales
科: 分枝桿菌科 Mycobacteriaceae
屬: 分枝桿菌屬 Mycobacterium
Lehmann & Neumann 1896
模式種
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896
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該屬細菌包括許多已知在哺乳類動物中造成嚴重疾病的病原菌,包括結核桿菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis)和麻風桿菌Mycobacterium leprae[1]

希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」,意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面,形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]

2018年,基於全基因組測序的數據,對分枝桿菌屬進一步進行修訂,並拆分出4個新的菌屬,即MycolicibacillusMycolicibacterMycobacteroidesMycolicibacterium[3]

微生物特徵

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微生物細胞壁
1. 外層脂質
2. mycolic acid英語mycolic acid
3. 多醣arabinogalactan英語arabinogalactan
4. 肽聚糖
5. 細胞膜
6. lipoarabinomannan英語lipoarabinomannan(LAM)
7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside英語phosphatidylinositol mannoside
8. 細胞壁骨架

本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌除外,其可以在巨噬細胞內運動),為一種抗酸型細菌英語Acid-fast[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成內孢子莢膜,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。

雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌Mycobacterium marinum)和牛分枝桿菌(M. bovis[4]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[5]

分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸英語mycolic acids(mycolic acids)。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[6]

物種

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Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/[永久失效連結]) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.

表型測試可用於識別和區分不同的分枝桿菌物種和菌株。在以前的系統中,分枝桿菌根據它們的外觀和生長速度進行分組的。然而,這些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,並且最近的分類基於支序分類學(cladistics)進行的。

慢速生長菌

結核分枝桿菌複合群[7] (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex英語Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
    結核桿菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis),肺結核分枝桿菌,肺結核的主要致病菌。
    牛分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium bovis
    卡介苗 Mycobacterium bovis BCG
    非洲分支桿菌 Mycobacterium africanum
    卡氏分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium canetti
    羊分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium caprae
    田鼠分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium microti
    海豹分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium pinnipedii,鰭腳亞目動物分枝桿菌

鳥分枝桿菌複合群[7][8] (Mycobacterium avium complex)

戈登分枝桿菌支序群[10] (Mycobacterium gordonae clade)

堪薩斯分支桿菌支序群 (Mycobacterium kansasii clade)

無色分枝桿菌/土分枝桿菌支序群 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade

Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria

  • 潰瘍分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCallum et al. 1950 , 其會引起布如里氏潰瘍("Buruli"), 或 "Bairnsdale, ulcer"]]
  • 假分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Rhodes et al. 2005
  • Mycobacterium shottsii Rhodes et al. 2003

猴分枝桿菌支序群 Mycobacterium simiae clade

未分群

生長速率中等

  • Mycobacterium intermedium Meier et al. 1993

快速生長菌

龜分枝桿菌支序群 Mycobacterium chelonae clade

  • 膿腫分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium abcessus
  • 龜分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium chelonae
  • 博氏分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium bolletii

偶然分枝桿菌群 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade

  • 偶然分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium fortuitum
    • Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
  • Mycobacterium boenickei
  • Mycobacterium peregrinum
  • 豬分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium porcinum
  • 塞內加爾分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium senegalense
  • 敗血分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium septicum
  • Mycobacterium neworleansense
  • 休斯頓分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium houstonense
  • 產黏液分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium mucogenicum
  • 馬德里分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium mageritense
  • Mycobacterium brisbanense
  • Mycobacterium cosmeticum

Mycobacterium parafortuitum 支序群

Mycobacterium vaccae 支序群

CF

  • Mycobacterium chitae
  • Mycobacterium fallax

未分群

  • Mycobacterium agri
  • Mycobacterium aichiense
  • Mycobacterium alvei
  • Mycobacterium arupense
  • Mycobacterium brumae
  • Mycobacterium canariasense
  • Mycobacterium chubuense
  • 康賽醫院分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium conceptionense
  • Mycobacterium confluentis Kirschner et al. 1992
  • Mycobacterium duvalii
  • 象分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium elephantis
  • Mycobacterium flavescens Bojalil et al. 1962
  • Mycobacterium gadium
  • Mycobacterium gilvum
  • 古地分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium goodii
  • Mycobacterium hassiacum
  • Mycobacterium holsaticum
  • 免疫原分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium immunogenum
  • Mycobacterium komossense
  • 馬達加斯加分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium madagascariense
  • 馬賽分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium massiliense
  • Mycobacterium moriokaense Tsukamura et al. 1986
  • 大府分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium obuense ,也拼作:Mycobacterium obuense
  • 草分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann 1899
  • Mycobacterium psychrotolerans
  • Mycobacterium pulveris
  • Mycobacterium pyrenivorans
  • 包皮垢分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan 1889) Lehmann and Neumann 1899,恥垢分枝桿菌
  • 泥炭蘚分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium sphagni Kazda 1980
  • Mycobacterium thermoresistibile
  • Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
  • 沃氏分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium wolinskyi

未分群

  • Mycobacterium arosiense
  • 歐巴涅分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium aubagnense
  • 山羊分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium caprae
  • Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum
  • Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans
  • Mycobacterium kiyosense Fukano et al. 2023[11]
  • Mycobacterium kumamotonense Masaki et al. 2007
  • 新城分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium novocastrense Shojaei et al. 1997
  • 帕爾門塞分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium parmense
  • 弗卡分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium phocaicum
  • Mycobacterium poriferae
  • Mycobacterium rhodesiae
  • Mycobacterium salfingeri Musser et al. 2024[12]
  • Mycobacterium seoulense
  • Mycobacterium tokaiense

分枝桿菌噬菌體

分枝桿菌可以被分枝桿菌噬菌體所感染,這種細菌病毒將來可能用於通過噬菌體療法治療結核病和相關疾病。

參見

參考文獻

延伸閱讀

外部連結

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