側鰓科

側鰓科（學名：Pleurobranchidae），亦作側鰓海牛科，是分類學上海蛞蝓的一個科、海洋腹足綱軟體動物側鰓類支序的成員。過往是背楯目之下的一個科^[3]，現時是裸側類支序的成員。

側鰓科
Pleurobranchus forskalii
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	腹足綱 Gastropoda
目：	側鰓目 Pleurobranchida
總科：	側鰓總科 Pleurobranchoidea
科：	側鰓科 Pleurobranchidae Gray, 1827 [1]
模式屬
Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804
亞科
Pleurobranchinae Gray, 1827 Tribe Pleurobranchini Gray, 1827 Tribe Bathyberthellini Garcia, Troncoso, Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1996 Tribe Berthellini Burn, 1962 Pleurobranchaeinae Pilsbry, 1896
異名[2]
Bathyberthellini Garcia, Troncoso, Cervera & Garcia-Gomez, 1996 Berthellinae Burn, 1962 Pleurobranchinae Gray, 1827

Pleurobranchaea meckelii

側鰓科的物種有一個突出的外套膜，其內殼在成年後會退化或完全消失。^[4]已經觀察到一些成年物種以海鞘類為食。側鰓科物種的幼蟲可以是浮游性的（以浮游生物為食）、營養性的（從卵黃中獲取營養）或直接發育的。

許多物種從其豐富的腺體外套膜中分泌出分泌物，作為對天敵的化學防禦。^[5]甚至有報道說能產生硫酸。^[6]

分類

直到2005年，這個科都被置於背楯亞目中。然而，在「Bouchet和Rocroi 對腹足目的分類」（2005年）中，側鰓科被置於側鰓總科中，是側鰓類（與裸鰓類是姐妹類）的惟一一科，是裸側類的一部分。

以下為本科之下的屬和物種^[3][7]：

• Berthellina
  • Berthellina citrina (Ruppell et Leuckart, 1828)
• Pleurobranchus
  • Pleurobranchus forskalii (Ruppell et Leuckart, 1828)
  • 明月側鰓 Euselenops luniceps (Cuvier, 1817)^[8]

Pleurobranchinae亞科

• Bathyberthella
  • Bathyberthella antarctica Willan and Bertsch, 1987 ^[9]
• 側鰓海蛞蝓屬 Berthella de Blainville, 1824
  • Berthella africana Pruvot-Fol, 1953 ^[10]
  • Berthella agassizi MacFarland, 1909
  • Berthella americana A. E. Verrill, 1885
  • Berthella aurantiaca Risso, 1818
  • Berthella caledonica Dall, 1900
  • Berthella californica Dall, 1900 California sidegill slug
  • Berthella canariensis Cervera, J.L., T.M. Gosliner, J.C. García-Gómez & J. Ortea, 2000
  • Berthella elongata Cantraine, 1835
  • 馬丁側鰓海蛞蝓 Berthella martensi Pilsbry, 1896
  • Berthella medietas R. Burn, 1962
  • Berthella ocellata delle Chiaje, 1830
  • Berthella ornata T.F. Cheeseman, 1878
  • Berthella patagonica d'Orbigny, 1837
  • Berthella platei Bergh, 1898 ^[11]
  • Berthella plumula Montagu, 1803
  • Berthella sideralis Lovén, 1846
  • Berthella stellata Risso, 1826
  • Berthella strongi MacFarland, 1966
  • Berthella tamiu Ev. Marcus, 1984 ^[12]
  • Berthella tupala Er. Marcus, 1957
• Berthellina Gardiner, 1936
  • Berthellina amarillus Mattox, 1953
  • Berthellina americanus Verrill, 1885
  • Berthellina circularis Mörch, 1863
  • Berthellina citrina Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 (synonym of Gymnotoplax citrina Er. Marcus, 1957 )
  • Berthellina delicata W.H. Pease, 1861
  • Berthellina edwardsi Vayssière, 1897
  • Berthellina engeli Gardiner, 1936
  • Berthellina granulata (Krauss, 1848)
  • Berthellina ilisima Marcus, Er. & Ev. Marcus, 1967
  • Berthellina quadridens Mörch, 1863 (junior synonym of Gymnotoplax quadridens)^[13]
• Boreoberthella Martynov & Schrödl, 2009
• Bouvieria Vayssière, 1896 : synonym of Berthella Blainville, 1824
  • Bouvieria auriantiaca Risso, 1813
  • Bouvieria ocellata S. delle Chiaje, 1828
  • Bouvieria perforata Philippi, 1844
• Gigantonotum: synonym of Berthella Blainville, 1824
  • Gigantonotum album Lin, G. & S. Tchang, 1965
• Gymnotoplax Pilsbry, 1896 : synonym of Berthella Blainville, 1824
  • Gymnotoplax citrina Er. Marcus, 1957
  • Gymnotoplax engeli Gardiner, 1936
  • Gymnotoplax quadridens
• Oscanius Leach, 1847 : synonym of Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804
  • Oscanius tuberculatus Meckel, 1808
• Parabathyberthella: synonym of Bathyberthella Willan, 1983
  • Parabathyberthella eltanini Dell, 1990
  • Parabathyberthella orcadensis Talavera, F.G., J.C. García-Gómez, J.S. Troncoso & J.L. Cervera, 1994
• Pleurehdera Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970
  • Pleurehdera haraldi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970
• Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1805
• Polictenidia: synonym of Bathyberthella Willan, 1983
  • Polictenidia tomasi Talavera, F.G., J.S. Troncoso, J.L. Cervera & J.C. García-Gómez, 1996
• Susania: synonym of Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804
  • Susania testudinaria Cantraine, F.J., 1840 (synonym of Pleurobranchus testudinarius)
• Tomthompsonia
  • Tomthompsonia antarctica Thiele, 1912

無殼側鰓亞科

無殼側鰓亞科（Pleurobranchaeinae）現時被提升為無殼側鰓科（Pleurobranchaeidae Pilsbry, 1896）。

參考資料

1. Encyclopaedia metropolitana, Volume 7, Plates to Zoology; plate Mollusca III (plate 4)
2. Bouchet, P. (2011). Pleurobranchidae. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2011-06-30
3. Notaspidea 背楯目. TaiBIF. [2018-03-20]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-13） （中文（繁體））.
4. R. Willan. Phylogenetic systematics of the Notaspidea (Opisthobranchia) with a reappraisal of families and genera. Am. Malacol. Bull. 1987, 5: 215–241.
5. Aldo Spinella; Ernesto Mollo; Enrico Trivellone; Guido Cimino. Testudinariol A and B, two unusual triterpenoids from the skin and the mucus of the marine mollusc Pleurobranchus testudinarius. Tetrahedron. December 1997, 53 (49): 16891–16896 [2018-03-19]. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10124-7. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-13）.
6. T. Thompson. Acidic allomones in marine organisms. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 1988, 68 (3): 499–517. doi:10.1017/S0025315400043368.
7. ?. WoRMS. [2018-03-20].
8. Cuvier G. (1817). Le Règne Animal. volume 2 (Gasteropodes): page 396; volume 4 (Plates): plate 11, figure 2.
9. Francisco José García; José Carlos García-Gómez; Jesús S. Troncoso; Juan Lucas Cervera. A descriptive study of some Antarctic notaspidean opisthobranchs (Gastropoda), with description of a new genus and species. Polar Biology. May 1994, 14 (4): 261–268. doi:10.1007/bf00239174.^{[永久失效連結]}
10. Cervera et al. (2000). A new species of Berthella Blainville, 1824 (Opisthobranchia: Notaspidea) from the Canary Islands (Eastern Atlantic Ocean), with a re-examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the Notaspidea. J.Moll. Stud., 66: 3001-311.
11. Michael Schrödl. The genus Berthella Blainville, 1825 (Notaspidea, : Pleurobranchidae) from Magellanic waters. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1999, 65 (4): 399–409 [2018-03-19]. doi:10.1093/mollus/65.4.399. （原始內容存檔於2006-10-03）.
12. Marcus, Ev. 1984. The Western Atlantic warm water Notaspidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia), Parte 2 Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo 8 p. 43-76.
13. Mörch, 1863. Contributions à la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises Journal de Conchyliologie 11 21-43.

外部連結

• Scientists just collected a mysterious 'purple orb' at the bottom of the ocean, but no one could anticipate what happened next (Video). Business Insider. July 30, 2016 [July 30, 2016].^{[失效連結]}
• Richard C. Willan, Description of a New Pleurobranch (Opisthobranchia, Notaspidea) from Antarctic with a review of Notaspideans from South Polar Seas; The Veliger 29 (3), 1987 p. 292-302 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）