笔迹学

笔迹学（英语：Graphology）是一种研究和分析笔迹的学问，设法分析书写者当时的心理状态，或是其人格特质^[1]。由于缺乏有效的科学证据^[2]^[3]，学界一般认为其是伪科学^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]。大英百科全书则是将笔迹学视为在科学上受到质疑的实务^[8]。笔迹学在法国仍经常在一些场合使用^[3]^[9]。

一个多世纪以来，笔迹学一直是有争议的。支持者提出不少轶事证据，支持用笔迹学作性格分析，而多数实证研究未能显示其支持者声称的有效性^[10]^[11]。一般认为一个人的字迹不可能完全反映一个人的性格、工作态度和能力。在二十世纪中叶之前笔迹学在科学界有一定的支持，但近年的研究指以笔迹分析性格和工作绩效并不准确^[12]^[13]^[14]^[4]。

参考

[1]
Longman Dictionary of Psychology and Psychiatry, Longman Group United Kingdom, 1983
[2]
Driver, Russell W.; Buckley, M. Ronald; Frink, Dwight D. Should We Write Off Graphology?. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. April 1996, 4 (2): 78–86. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00062.x.
[3]
Cohen, Roger. In France, It's How You Cross the t's. The New York Times. 19 October 1993 [2021-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-23）.
[4]
Nevo, B Scientific Aspects Of Graphology: A Handbook Springfield, IL: Thomas: 1986
[5]
Barry Beyerstein Q&A. Ask the Scientists. Scientific American Frontiers. [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-20）. "they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air. i.e., it's a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where 'like begets like'".
[6]
BEYOND SCIENCE? Paper Personality, on season 8, episode 2. 美国科学前沿（英语：Scientific American Frontiers）. 公共广播电视公司. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. （原始内容存档于2006）.
[7]
Dunning, Brian. Skeptoid #363: All About Graphology. Skeptoid. [2 September 2016].
[8]
Graphology. Encyclopædia Britannica. April 25, 2017 [2021-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）. In general, the scientific basis for graphological interpretations of personality is questionable.
[9]
Schofield, Hugh. A French love affair... with graphology. BBC News (Paris). 29 April 2013 [2021-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-23）.
[10]
Driver, Russel H.; M. Ronald Buckley and Dwight D. Frink, Should We Write Off Graphology?, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, April 1996, 4 (2): 78–86, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00062.x.
[11]
Furnham, Adrian; Barrie Gunter, Graphology and Personality: Another Failure to Validate Graphological Analysis., Personality and Individual Differences, 1987, 8 (3): 433–435, doi:10.1016/0191-8869(87)90045-6.
[12]
Roy N. King and Derek J. Koehler, Illusory Correlations in Graphological Inference, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2000, 6 (4): 336–348, doi:10.1037/1076-898X.6.4.336.
[13]
Fluckiger, Fritz A, Tripp, Clarence A & Weinberg, George H, A Review of xperimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1961, 12: 67–90, doi:10.2466/PMS.12.1.67-90.
[14]
Lockowandte, Oskar, Lockowandte, Oskar Present status of the investigation of handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method, Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1976, (6): 4–5.

[definition-1] [1]
Longman Dictionary of Psychology and Psychiatry, Longman Group United Kingdom, 1983

[DriverBuckleyFrink1996-2] [2]
Driver, Russell W.; Buckley, M. Ronald; Frink, Dwight D. Should We Write Off Graphology?. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. April 1996, 4 (2): 78–86. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00062.x.

[NYT1-3] [3]
Cohen, Roger. In France, It's How You Cross the t's. The New York Times. 19 October 1993 [2021-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-23）.

[nevo1986-4] [4]
Nevo, B Scientific Aspects Of Graphology: A Handbook Springfield, IL: Thomas: 1986

[Graph_Beyer_PBS-5] [5]
Barry Beyerstein Q&A. Ask the Scientists. Scientific American Frontiers. [2008-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2007-02-20）. "they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air. i.e., it's a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where 'like begets like'".

[ReferenceA-6] [6]
BEYOND SCIENCE? Paper Personality, on season 8, episode 2. 美国科学前沿（英语：Scientific American Frontiers）. 公共广播电视公司. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. （原始内容存档于2006）.

[Dunning-7] [7]
Dunning, Brian. Skeptoid #363: All About Graphology. Skeptoid. [2 September 2016].

[8] [8]
Graphology. Encyclopædia Britannica. April 25, 2017 [2021-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）. In general, the scientific basis for graphological interpretations of personality is questionable.

[9] [9]
Schofield, Hugh. A French love affair... with graphology. BBC News (Paris). 29 April 2013 [2021-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-23）.

[10] [10]
Driver, Russel H.; M. Ronald Buckley and Dwight D. Frink, Should We Write Off Graphology?, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, April 1996, 4 (2): 78–86, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00062.x.

[Furnham1987-11] [11]
Furnham, Adrian; Barrie Gunter, Graphology and Personality: Another Failure to Validate Graphological Analysis., Personality and Individual Differences, 1987, 8 (3): 433–435, doi:10.1016/0191-8869(87)90045-6.

[kingkoehler-12] [12]
Roy N. King and Derek J. Koehler, Illusory Correlations in Graphological Inference, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2000, 6 (4): 336–348, doi:10.1037/1076-898X.6.4.336.

[13] [13]
Fluckiger, Fritz A, Tripp, Clarence A & Weinberg, George H, A Review of xperimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1961, 12: 67–90, doi:10.2466/PMS.12.1.67-90.

[14] [14]
Lockowandte, Oskar, Lockowandte, Oskar Present status of the investigation of handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method, Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1976, (6): 4–5.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]