包被

包被（英语：peridium）是真菌当中包覆在大量孢子（英语：Gleba）外的保护层。^[1]。这种外保护层是腹菌的一种显著特征。

描述

包被依据物种的不同，而有各种不同的厚度，当中包被可能薄到有如纸张，厚到有如橡胶般坚硬。通常包被层数会有1至3层；如果某个物种有2层包被，外面的一层称为外包被（exoperidium），里面的一层称为内包被（endoperidium）。如果有3层包被，则会由外向内依序称为外包被、中包被（mesoperidium）与内包被^[2]。

在最简单的地底型态中，包被会在孢子成熟前保持闭合状态，甚至没有裂开（英语：Dehiscence (botany)）或打开的特殊机制，但会在孢子释放前腐烂^[3]。

马勃

对于大多数真菌，包被外会附有鳞片或刺。部分物种会在包被发展过程中突出地表，一般的典型物种即为马勃；通常马勃的包被会分化成2层以上，并在最外层分解为疣或刺。与之相反，最内层的包被仍维持完整与光滑，用以保护孢子。有时在地星属物种当中，其包被层数更多，并且外包被最终会从顶端分裂成不等数量的点状物。然而内层包被仍然会保持完整^[4]。

硬皮马勃

与马勃相反，硬皮马勃（英语：earthball）通常只有1层包被，只有3-9公分宽^[5]^[6]。这种单层包被通常坚硬如果皮，切开来时颜色为白色，但新鲜时则为粉红色；表面颜色则有棕色到暗黄色等各种变化，而且以鳞片型态并排^[7]。

用法

有时特定真菌物种的包被会给予一个特别的名称。举例，剧毒鹅膏节（Phalloidea）的包被称为蕈托。鸟巢菌科的包被外层也被称为“巢”^[8]。

参考文献

[1]
British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892
[2]
Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. Introductory mycology. New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
[3]
"Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.
[4]
British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007
[5]
A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
[6]
The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195
[7]
Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986
[8]
Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3

[1] [1]
British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892

[isbn0-471-52229-5-2] [2]
Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. Introductory mycology. New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.

[3] [3]
"Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.

[4] [4]
British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007

[5] [5]
A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0

[6] [6]
The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195

[7] [7]
Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986

[8] [8]
Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3

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