美国公务员委员会

美国公务员制度委员会是美国联邦政府设立的一个政府机构，起初的目的是为了考核联邦政府内部所雇用员工的绩效而设立的，1978年的公务员制度改革法案（英语：Civil Service Reform Act of 1978）使它于1979年被解散，由美国人事管理办公室（英语：United States Office of Personnel Management）和考绩制度保护委员会（英语：United States Merit Systems Protection Board）取代。

历史沿革

1871年，美国总统尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特和美国国会通过了公务员制度改革法案，第一次成立美国公务员委员会。格兰特总统和美国国会持续两年拨款给委员会，直到1874年。然而严重依赖猎官制的美国国会(参议院更甚)没有继续拨款给公务员委员会。^[1]格兰特总统的继任者——拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯请求更新的资金，但没有被授予。

海斯的继任者詹姆斯·艾布拉姆·加菲尔德总统提倡改革公务员制度，但是遭猎官不成的查尔斯·J·古提奥（英语：Charles J. Guiteau）暗杀。

加菲尔德总统的继任者切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟总统推动了公务员制度的改革，并且游说国会在1883年通过彭德尔顿法案。彭德尔顿法案的通过部分是由于公众对加菲尔德总统遭暗杀的反感。德尔顿法案重新为公务员委员会提供资金，并设立了一个三人委员会负责委员会运作，由亚瑟总统任命委员。彭德尔顿法案要求某些申请人参加公务员考试，才能获得某些工作；它也阻止了当选官员和政治任命者开除公务员，使公务员免受猎官和党派行为的影响。阿瑟总统和随后的总统继续扩大公务员委员会的权力，管理更多联邦部门的职务。公务员委员会除了减少猎官外，还减轻了美国总统任命联邦职务的繁重责任。

历届委员会主席

More information 名称, 起始 ...

名称	起始	结束
George W. Curtis（英语：George William Curtis）^[2]	January 1, 1872	January 1, 1874
Dorman B. Eaton（英语：Dorman B. Eaton）	Mar 9, 1883 ^[3]	Nov 1, 1885 (resigned) ^[4]
Alfred P. Edgerton（英语：Alfred P. Edgerton）	Nov 9, 1885 ^[5]	Feb 9, 1889 (removed) ^[5]
Charles Lyman（英语：Charles Lyman）	May 13, 1889 ^[7]	Dec 15, 1893 (resigned) ^[8]
John R. Procter（英语：John R. Procter）	Dec 15, 1893 ^[8]	Dec 12, 1903 (died) ^[9]
John C. Black（英语：John C. Black）	Jan 17, 1904 ^[10]	Jun 10, 1913 (resigned) ^[11]
John A. McIlhenny（英语：John A. McIlhenny）	Jun 12, 1913 ^[12]	Feb 28, 1919 (resigned) ^[13]
Martin A. Morrison（英语：Martin A. Morrison）	Mar 13, 1919 ^[13]	Jul 14, 1921 (resigned) ^[14]
John H. Bartlett（英语：John H. Bartlett）	Jul 15, 1921 ^[14]	Mar 12, 1922 (resigned) ^[14]
William C. Deming（英语：William C. Deming）	Mar 1, 1923 ^[15]	Feb 6, 1930 (resigned) ^[16]
Thomas E. Campbell（英语：Thomas E. Campbell）	Jul 11, 1930 ^[17]	c. 1933 (resigned)
Harry B. Mitchell（英语：Harry B. Mitchell）	May 19, 1933 ^[18]	Feb 26, 1951 (resigned) ^[19]
Robert Ramspeck（英语：Robert Ramspeck）	Mar 16, 1951 ^[20]	Dec 31, 1952 (resigned) ^[21]
Philip Young（英语：Philip Young (ambassador)）	Mar 23, 1953 ^[22]	Feb 11, 1957 (resigned) ^[23]
Harris Ellsworth（英语：Harris Ellsworth）	Apr 18, 1957 ^[24]	Feb 28, 1959 (resigned) ^[24]
Roger W. Jones（英语：Roger W. Jones）	Mar 10, 1959 ^[25]	Jan 4, 1961 (resigned) ^[26]
John W. Macy（英语：John Macy）	Mar 6, 1961 ^[27]	Jan 18, 1969 (resigned) ^[28]
Robert E. Hampton（英语：Robert E. Hampton）	Jan 18, 1969 ^[28]	c. 1977 ^[29]
Alan K. Campbell（英语：Alan K. Campbell）	January 2, 1979	January 20, 1981

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参考来源

[1]
Brands (2012), pp. 543-544
[2]
Smith (2001), p. 589
[3]
Foulke, W. D. Fighting the spoilsmen: reminiscences of the civil service reform movement （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1919), p.8
[4]
Cleveland, Grover. Accepting Letter of Resignation of Dorman B. Eaton （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland, ed. George F. Parker (New York: Cassell Publishing Company, 1892), p.46
[5]
Fourth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1888) pp. 120-121
↑
R.P. van Riper, 1958. History of the United States Civil Service, Row, Peterson & Co., 1958
[7]
Trying The Charleston, "New York Times", May 14, 1889
[8]
Procter Succeeds Lyman （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "The Daily Argus News" (Crawfordsville, Indiana), Dec 15 1893
[9]
''Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904) p. 7.
[10]
Gen. Black Takes The Oath, "New York Times", Jan 17, 1904
[11]
Thirty-First Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915) p. 116.
[12]
McIlhenny Heads Civil Service, "New York Times", Jun 13, 1913
[13]
Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919) p. xxvii
[14]
Thirty-Ninth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922) p. 121
[15]
The U.S. Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Congressional Digest（英语：Congressional Digest）", Vol II. No. 7 (April 1923), p. 198
[16]
Hoover, Herbert. Letter Accepting the Resignation of William C. Deming as President of the Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in "Public Papers Of The Presidents Of The United States" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976)
[17]
Civil Service Head Takes Oath, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Jul 11, 1930
[18]
Politics And Politicians （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Gazette And Bulletin" (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), May 20, 1933
[19]
Ramspeck Is Named Civil Service Head （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "The Day" (New London, Connecticut), Feb 27, 1951
[20]
Ramspeck Takes Oath For Commission Post （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "The Spokesman-Review" (Spokane, Washington), Mar 17, 1951
[21]
Civil Service Chief Quits, Wins Praise （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Toledo Blade" (Toledo, Ohio), Jan 1, 1953
[22]
Eisenhower Pledges To Rid Civil Service Of All Incompetents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Florence Times" (Florence, Alabama), Mar 23, 1953
[23]
Two Quit CSC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Reading Eagle" (Reading, Pennsylvania), Feb 11, 1957
[24]
Ellsworth, Matthew Harris. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Senate Historical office and House Legislative Resource Center. [2016-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-16）.
[25]
Roger Jones Becomes Head of Civil Service, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 10, 1959
[26]
Kennedy, Farm Bosses Tackle Issue^{[失效链接]}, "The Miami News" (Miami, Florida), Jan 5, 1961
[27]
Macy Serves First Month In Federal Post for Free, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 5, 1961
[28]
Nixon Names Three to Policy Positions, "The Los Angeles Times" (Los Angeles, California), Jan 18, 1969
[29]
Robert E. Hampton, Member and Chairman, U.S. Civil Service Commission; Member and Chairman, Federal Labor Relations Council: Papers 1960-77. Gerald R. Ford Library-Guides. June 1989 [2011-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-01）.

[Brands_pp543-544-1] [1]
Brands (2012), pp. 543-544

[Smith_p589-2] [2]
Smith (2001), p. 589

[3] [3]
Foulke, W. D. Fighting the spoilsmen: reminiscences of the civil service reform movement （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1919), p.8

[4] [4]
Cleveland, Grover. Accepting Letter of Resignation of Dorman B. Eaton （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland, ed. George F. Parker (New York: Cassell Publishing Company, 1892), p.46

[4thReport-5] [5]
Fourth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1888) pp. 120-121

[6] 
R.P. van Riper, 1958. History of the United States Civil Service, Row, Peterson & Co., 1958

[7] [7]
Trying The Charleston, "New York Times", May 14, 1889

[ProcterSucceedsLyman-8] [8]
Procter Succeeds Lyman （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "The Daily Argus News" (Crawfordsville, Indiana), Dec 15 1893

[20thReport-9] [9]
''Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904) p. 7.

[10] [10]
Gen. Black Takes The Oath, "New York Times", Jan 17, 1904

[31stReport-11] [11]
Thirty-First Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915) p. 116.

[12] [12]
McIlhenny Heads Civil Service, "New York Times", Jun 13, 1913

[36thReport-13] [13]
Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919) p. xxvii

[39thReport-14] [14]
Thirty-Ninth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922) p. 121

[CongDigest-15] [15]
The U.S. Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Congressional Digest（英语：Congressional Digest）", Vol II. No. 7 (April 1923), p. 198

[16] [16]
Hoover, Herbert. Letter Accepting the Resignation of William C. Deming as President of the Civil Service Commission （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in "Public Papers Of The Presidents Of The United States" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976)

[17] [17]
Civil Service Head Takes Oath, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Jul 11, 1930

[18] [18]
Politics And Politicians （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Gazette And Bulletin" (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), May 20, 1933

[19] [19]
Ramspeck Is Named Civil Service Head （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "The Day" (New London, Connecticut), Feb 27, 1951

[20] [20]
Ramspeck Takes Oath For Commission Post （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "The Spokesman-Review" (Spokane, Washington), Mar 17, 1951

[21] [21]
Civil Service Chief Quits, Wins Praise （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Toledo Blade" (Toledo, Ohio), Jan 1, 1953

[22] [22]
Eisenhower Pledges To Rid Civil Service Of All Incompetents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Florence Times" (Florence, Alabama), Mar 23, 1953

[23] [23]
Two Quit CSC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Reading Eagle" (Reading, Pennsylvania), Feb 11, 1957

[EllsworthBio-24] [24]
Ellsworth, Matthew Harris. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Senate Historical office and House Legislative Resource Center. [2016-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-16）.

[25] [25]
Roger Jones Becomes Head of Civil Service, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 10, 1959

[26] [26]
Kennedy, Farm Bosses Tackle Issue^{[失效链接]}, "The Miami News" (Miami, Florida), Jan 5, 1961

[27] [27]
Macy Serves First Month In Federal Post for Free, "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 5, 1961

[nixon-28] [28]
Nixon Names Three to Policy Positions, "The Los Angeles Times" (Los Angeles, California), Jan 18, 1969

[ford-29] [29]
Robert E. Hampton, Member and Chairman, U.S. Civil Service Commission; Member and Chairman, Federal Labor Relations Council: Papers 1960-77. Gerald R. Ford Library-Guides. June 1989 [2011-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-01）.

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