纳图夫文化

纳图夫文化（英语：Natufian culture，发音/nəˈtuːfiən/^[1]）是西亚黎凡特地区后旧石器时代（Epipalaeolithic）的一种考古学文化，距今约 1.5万至 1.15万年前。^[2] 该文化一个显著特点是，它在农业引入前就支撑一种定居或半定居的人口。

Thumb — 该文化的扩散范围概略地图；该文化从约旦河和死海两岸扩散到幼发拉底河岸中部地区。

纳图夫人可能是其所在地区最初的新石器时代定居点的建造者的祖先，而这些定居点可能是世界上最早的。

在史前文化考古遗址阿布·赫雷拉（Tell Abu Hureyra），位于今叙利亚上幼发拉底河谷，发现了纳图夫人有意种植谷物，尤其是黑麦的证据。这是世界上最早的农业证据之一。^[3]

在约14,400年前的约旦东北部沙漠的舒巴伊卡1号（Shubayqa 1）遗址，发现了世界上最古老的类面包食物生产证据，这一发现比西南亚的农业出现早了4000年。^[4]

在以色列海法附近的迦密山拉凯费特洞穴（Raqefet Cave），发现了约13,000年前的古老啤酒制造证据。尽管与啤酒相关的残留物可能是自发发酵的结果，但这一发现仍被认为是酿造啤酒的最早证据之一。^[5]^[6]

纳图夫人利用野生谷物，并猎捕包括瞪羚在内的动物。^[7]

考古遗传学研究表明，后期（新石器时代到青铜器时代）黎凡特人的起源主要来自纳图夫人，同时也受到来自安纳托利亚铜石并用时代人群的显著混合影响。^[8]

发现

纳图夫文化是由英国考古学家多萝西·加罗德（Dorothy Garrod）在约旦河西岸的犹太山脉舒克巴洞穴（Shuqba cave）发现的。

在1930年代之前，英国巴勒斯坦地区的考古工作主要集中于与历史相关的圣经考古学，鲜有对史前时期的研究。

1928年，加罗德受邀到耶路撒冷的英国考古学校（Kenyon Institute）挖掘舒克巴洞穴，四年前马隆神父（Alexis Mallon）在此发现了史前石器。她在该洞穴发现了一层夹在旧石器时代晚期与青铜时代之间的沉积物，以微石器为特征。她将这一层认定为中石器时代，这一时期在欧洲有较多代表性，但在近东尚未发现。一年后，加罗德在el-Wad露台发现了类似材料，并将其命名为“纳图夫文化”，以此纪念靠近舒克巴的纳图夫谷（Wadi an-Natuf）。

在接下来的二十年中，加罗德在卡梅尔山地区的多处挖掘中发现了纳图夫文化的遗物，包括el-Wad、Kebara和Tabun，法国考古学家雷内·纽维尔（René Neuville）也有相关发现，进一步确立了纳图夫文化在该地区史前年表中的地位。

早在1931年，加罗德和纽维尔就注意到纳图夫遗物中石制镰刀的存在，提出这可能代表了非常早期的农业。

年代

纳图夫文化出现在Bølling–Allerød间冰期，随后在新仙女木期经历了一次明显的温度下降。新仙女木期结束时，气温再次上升，标志着全新世和新石器革命的到来。冰期后气候变化的情况可以通过格林兰冰芯的分析了解。

放射性碳定年显示，纳图夫文化的时期大致为公元前12,500年至9,500年，属于更新世末期至全新世初期。

这一时期通常分为两个子时期：早期纳图夫文化（公元前12,000年至10,800年）和晚期纳图夫文化（公元前10,800年至9,500年）。

晚期纳图夫文化可能与新仙女木期（公元前10,800年至9,500年）重叠。黎凡特地区在这一时期拥有超过一百种可食用植物，包括谷物、水果和坚果，而当时的黎凡特并非如今的干旱、贫瘠之地，而是覆盖着森林的区域。

参考资料

[1]
Natufian. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 （英语）.
[2]
Grosman, Leore. The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications. Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (编). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia 1. New York: Berghahn Books. 2013: 622–627 [2021-11-14]. ISBN 978-1-879621-45-9. JSTOR j.ctv8bt33h. （原始内容存档于2022-01-30） –通过JSTOR.
[3]
Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J., Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4
[4]
Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread. BBC. 17 July 2018 [17 July 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-19）.
[5]
'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018 [15 September 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-15）.
[6]
'13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world. The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018 [16 September 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）.
[7]
Kottak, Conrad P., Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Boston: McGraw-Hill: 155–156, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-289028-0
[8]
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (PDF). Nature. 2016, 536 (7617): 419–424 [2021-11-14]. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. PMC 5003663 . PMID 27459054. doi:10.1038/nature19310. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-12）. Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage. "We used qpAdm (ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. [...] The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."

[1] [1]
Natufian. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 （英语）.

[2] [2]
Grosman, Leore. The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications. Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (编). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia 1. New York: Berghahn Books. 2013: 622–627 [2021-11-14]. ISBN 978-1-879621-45-9. JSTOR j.ctv8bt33h. （原始内容存档于2022-01-30） –通过JSTOR.

[Moore2000-3] [3]
Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J., Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4

[4] [4]
Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread. BBC. 17 July 2018 [17 July 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-19）.

[5] [5]
'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018 [15 September 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-15）.

[6] [6]
'13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world. The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018 [16 September 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）.

[7] [7]
Kottak, Conrad P., Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Boston: McGraw-Hill: 155–156, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-289028-0

[8] [8]
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (PDF). Nature. 2016, 536 (7617): 419–424 [2021-11-14]. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. PMC 5003663 . PMID 27459054. doi:10.1038/nature19310. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-12）. Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage. "We used qpAdm (ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. [...] The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."

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发现

年代

相关文化

参考资料

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纳图夫文化