竹节虫科

竹节虫科; 化石时期：100–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 森诺曼期－现代
	Bactrododema tiaratum
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	竹节虫目 Phasmatodea
亚目：	真䗛亚目 Euphasmatodea
下目：	胫平下目 Anareolatae
科：	竹节虫科 Phasmatidae; Gray, 1835
属
	见正文
多样性
	10个亚科
异名
	Lanceocercata; Phasmidae;

竹节虫科（学名：Phasmatidae）是竹节虫目真䗛亚目下的一个科^[1]。竹节虫研究组（英语：Phasmid Study Group）（PSG）认定本科包含10个亚科，但此定义应为复系群。

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分类历史

竹节虫科的分类地位仍不稳定，不同学者对其包含类群的定义均有差异^[2]。过去竹节虫科为一复系群，2001年有学者将竹节虫亚科、幽灵竹节虫亚科、短角棒䗛亚科、平头竹节虫亚科、Tropidoderinae与Xeroderinae等组成单系群的6个亚科合称为“Lanceocercata”，即狭义（sensu stricto（英语：sensu stricto））的竹节虫科类群^[3]，后续研究将平头竹节虫亚科多数的属改归入大头竹节虫亚科，该亚科馀下的类群被认为不属于Lanceocercata^[4]。2008年有研究将长角棒䗛亚科从笛竹节虫科移入本科，又把竹节虫亚科进一步分拆出克䗛亚科（Clitumninae），并将Achriopterini与Stephanacridini两个族自竹节虫亚科移出，上述所有类群与另两个亚科（Cladomorphinae、Eurycanthinae）共同组成广义（sensu lato）的竹节虫科^[3]。有些研究认为克䗛亚科为复系群，Stephanacridini与Cladomorphinae和Lanceocercata的关系较为接近，但2019年的分子种系发生学研究结果显示克䗛亚科为Lanceocercata的姊妹群^[5]。

亚科

根据竹节虫研究组定义，竹节虫科包含以下亚科^[6]：

Cladomorphinae（英语：Cladomorphinae）：分布于马达加斯加、爪哇岛、苏拉威西与南美洲
克䗛亚科（英语：Clitumninae） Clitumninae：分布于亚洲
幽灵竹节虫亚科（英语：Extatosomatinae） Extatosomatinae：分布于澳洲
长角棒䗛亚科（英语：Lonchodinae）（Lonchodinae）^{[注 1]}
大头竹节虫亚科 Megacraniinae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
Monandropterinae：分布与亚洲与非洲
短角棒䗛亚科（英语：Pachymorphinae） Pachymorphinae：分布于亚洲、非洲与澳洲
竹节虫亚科（英语：Phasmatinae） Phasmatinae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
平头竹节虫亚科 Platycraninae：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲
Tropidoderinae（英语：Tropidoderinae）：分布于澳大拉西亚、亚洲与非洲
Xeroderinae（英语：Xeroderinae）：分布于澳大拉西亚与亚洲

此外还有若干属的地位未定，包括Achrioptera（英语：Achrioptera）、Glawiana、Monoiognosis与Spathomorpha，皆分布于非洲（包含马达加斯加）^[6]。除现生的10科外，缅甸琥珀（英语：Burmese amber）中发现的已灭绝属Echinosomiscus也属于竹节虫科，被归入另一亚科Echinosomiscinae^[2]。

本科包括以下属：^[8]

Acanthoderus
Gray, 1835
- Acanthoderus spinosus (Gray, 1834)
Acanthograeffea Günther, 1932
Acanthomima Kirby, 1904
Acanthoxyla Uvarov, 1944
Achrioptera Coquerel, 1861
Acrophylla Gray, 1835
Agamemnon Moxey, 1971
Anchiale Stål, 1875
Anchiole
Anophelepis Westwood, 1859
Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938
Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004
Apterograeffea Cliquennois & Brock, 2002
Apteroplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Argosarchus Hutton, 1898
Arphax Stål, 1875
Baculomia Bresseel & Constant, 2019
Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008
Caledoniophasma Zompro, 2001
Cephaloplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Cigarrophasma Brock & Hasenpusch, 2001
Cladomorphus Gray, 1835
Cladoxerus Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
Clitarchus Stål, 1875
Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008
Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908
Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878
Cranidium Westwood, 1843
Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833
Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Diagoras Stål, 1877
Diapherodes Gray, 1835
Didymuria Kirby, 1904
Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859
Dryococelus Gurney, 1947
Echetlus Stål, 1875
Ectentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Entoria Stål, 1875
Epicharmus Stål, 1875
Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908
Erringtonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Eucarcharus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838
Extatosoma Gray, 1833
Gigantophasma Sharp, 1898
Glawiana Hennemann & Conle, 2004
Gongylopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868
Guamuhaya Yong, 2017
Haplopus Burmeister, 1838
Hermachus Stål, 1875
Hermarchus Stål, 1875
Hesperophasma Rehn, 1901
Heterophasma Redtenbacher, 1908
Hirtuleius Stål, 1875
Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908
Interphasma Chen & He, 2008
Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908
Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007
Lamponius Stål, 1875
Leosthenes Stål, 1875
Lobofemora Bresseel & Constant, 2015
Lysicles Stål, 1877
Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle, 2006
Malandania Sjöstedt, 1918
Mauritiophasma Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
Medaura Stål, 1875
Medauroidea Zompro, 2000
Medauromorpha Bresseel & Constant, 2017
Megacrania Kaup, 1871
Mesentoria Chen & He, 2008
Metentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Monandroptera Audinet-Serville, 1838
Monogynacantha Cliquennois, 2021
Monoiognosis Cliquennois & Brock, 2004
Neomedaura Ho, 2020
Neosinophasma Ho, 2017
Neospiniphasma Ho, 2021
Nesiophasma Günther, 1934
Nisyrus Stål, 1877
Onchestus Stål, 1877
Ophicrania Kaup, 1871
Otocraniella Zompro, 2004
Parabactridium Redtenbacher, 1908
Parabaculum Brock, 1999
Paracranidium Brock, 1998
Paractenomorpha Hennemann & Conle, 2004
Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908
Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997
Paraleiophasma Chen & He, 2008
Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Parapodacanthus Brock, 2003
Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
Parhaplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908
Peloriana Uvarov, 1940
Pharnacia Stål, 1877
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
筒胸竹节虫属 Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907
Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Phryganistria
Stål, 1875
- Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004)
- Phryganistria fruhstorferi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907)
- Phryganistria grandis Rehn, 1906
- Phryganistria guangxiensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997)^[9]
- Phryganistria longzhouensis Chen & He, 2008
- Phryganistria tamdaoensis Bresseel & Constant, 2014
- Phryganistria virgea (Westwood, 1848)
Platycrana Gray, 1835
Podacanthus Gray, 1833
Prosentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Pseudoclitarchus Salmon, 1991
Pterinoxylus Audinet-Serville, 1838
Pterulina Bresseel & Constant, 2020
Ramulus Saussure, 1862
Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Rhaphiderus Audinet-Serville, 1838
Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908
Sadyattes Stål, 1875
Sigaruphasma Hennemann, Conle, Perez-Gelabert & Valero, 2020
Sinoxenophasmina Ho, 2021
Spathomorpha Cliquennois, 2005
Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908
Tainophasma Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert, 2014
Taraxippus Moxey, 1971
Tepakiphasma Buckley & Bradler, 2010
Teruelphasma Yong, 2017
Tirachoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Tropidoderus Gray, 1835
Vasilissa Kirby, 1896
Venupherodes Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016
Wattenwylia Piza, 1938
Woodmasonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
Xenomaches Kirby, 1896
Xenophasmina Uvarov, 1940
Xeroderus Gray, 1835
Xylodus Saussure, 1859

注脚

[注 1]
已于2018年被移入一新科长角棒䗛科（英语：Lonchodinae）^[7]。

参考文献

[1]
Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group（英语：Phasmid Study Group）. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）.
[2]
Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）.
[3]
FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.
[4]
Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始内容存档于2022-02-10） –通过ResearchGate.
[5]
Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.
[6]
family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group（英语：Phasmid Study Group）. [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-09）.
[7]
Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216 .
[8]
Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
[9]
Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104
[10]
World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.
[11]
World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.

[8] [注 1]
已于2018年被移入一新科长角棒䗛科（英语：Lonchodinae）^[7]。

[psg2009-1] [1]
Phasmatidae. Phasmida SpeciesFile. Phasmid Study Group（英语：Phasmid Study Group）. 2009-09-28 [2011-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-04）.

[Engel-2] [2]
Engel, Michael S.; Wang, Bo; Alqarni, Abdulaziz S. A thorny, 'anareolate' stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea. Cretaceous Research. August 2016, 63: 45–53 [2022-02-10]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）.

[Hennemann2008-3] [3]
FRANK H. HENNEMANN, OSKAR V. CONLE. Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe PharnaciiniGünther, 1953, including the description of the world's longestinsect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 withkeys to the subfamilies and tribes(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa. 2008, 1906 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1906.1.1.

[pmid33756861-4] [4]
Hennemann FH. Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae").. Zootaxa. 2020, 4896 (2): zootaxa.4896.2.1 [2022-02-10]. PMID 33756861. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.1. （原始内容存档于2022-02-10） –通过ResearchGate.

[5] [5]
Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B and Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects.. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 7: 345. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00345.

[PSG-6] [6]
family Phasmatidae Leach, 1815. Phasmid Study Group（英语：Phasmid Study Group）. [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-09）.

[Robertson2018-7] [7]
Robertson, James A.; Bradler, Sven; Whiting, Michael F. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00216 .

[9] [8]
Phasmatidae. GBIF. [2023-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.

[10] [9]
Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant. 2014. Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with Three New Taxa including the Second Longest Insect Known to Date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini). European Journal of Taxonomy. 104: 1–38; doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.104

[11] [10]
World's Longest Insect Revealed. Natural History Museum. 2008-10-16 [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-19）.

[12] [11]
World's longest insect discovered in China. www.chinadaily.com.cn. 2016-05-05 [2020-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.

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[2]

[3]

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[5]

[6]

[注 1]

[8]

[9]

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[11]

[7]