碳捕集与利用

碳捕集与利用（英语：Carbon Capture and Utilization，简称CCU）是捕集二氧化碳以供进一步使用的过程^[1]。碳捕集与利用可以应对全球挑战，即显著减少主要固定工业排放者的温室气体排放^[2]。CCU不同于碳捕集与封存（CCS），因为CCU既不旨在也不导致二氧化碳的永久地质储存。相反，CCU旨在将捕集的二氧化碳转化为更有价值的物质或产品；例如塑料、混凝土或生物燃料等；同时保持生产过程的碳中和。捕集的二氧化碳可以转化为多种产品：一类是醇类（例如甲醇），可用作生物燃料和其他替代能源和可再生能源，或用于各种化学合成的反应物^[3]。尽管CCU不会对大气产生净碳正效应，但有几个重要的考虑因素需要考虑。因为二氧化碳是一种热力学稳定的碳制造产品，它是能源密集型产品^[4]。在投资CCU之前，还应考虑用于制造产品的其他原材料的可用性。考虑到捕集与利用的不同潜在选择，研究表明，涉及化学品、燃料和微藻类的方法去除二氧化碳的潜力有限，而涉及建筑材料和农业用途的方法可能更有效^[5]。CCU的盈利能力部分取决于释放到大气中的二氧化碳的碳定价。

碳源

二氧化碳通常是从发电厂、炼钢厂、石化厂等重工业的固定点来源捕获的^[6]。从这些废气流中捕获的二氧化碳本身的浓度各不相同。典型的燃煤电厂的烟道气废气流中含有10-12%的二氧化碳浓度^[7]。一家生物燃料精炼厂生产高纯度99%的二氧化碳，其中含有少量水和乙醇等杂质^[7]。分离过程本身可以通过吸收、吸附或膜等分离过程进行^[8]。CCU过程中另一个可能的捕集来源涉及种植园的使用。这个想法源于基林曲线的观察，即大气中的二氧化碳水平每年变化约5ppm，这是由于植被的季节性变化和南北半球陆地面积的差异所致^[9]^[10]。然而，当植物死亡时，植物吸收的二氧化碳将返回到大气中。因此，鉴于其快速生长和高碳捕集率，建议种植具有C4光合作用的作物，然后处理生物质以用于永久储存在土壤中的生物炭等应用^[11]。

技术与应用实例

二氧化碳电解

碳中和燃料

甲醇燃料

化学合成

环境影响

参考文献

[1]
Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. March 2015, 9: 82–102. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 .
[2]
Carbon Capture. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. [2020-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-13）.
[3]
Dibenedetto, Angela; Angelini, Antonella; Stufano, Paolo. Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. March 2014, 89 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1002/jctb.4229.
[4]
Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffrey A; Oldenburg, Curtis M; Bourg, Ian C. Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. The Berkeley Lectures on Energy. Imperial College Press. 2013-06-18. ISBN 9781783263271. doi:10.1142/p911.
[5]
Hepburn, Cameron; Adlen, Ella; Beddington, John; Carter, Emily A.; Fuss, Sabine; Mac Dowell, Niall; Minx, Jan C.; Smith, Pete; Williams, Charlotte K. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature. 6 November 2019, 575 (7781): 87–97. Bibcode:2019Natur.575...87H. PMID 31695213. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6 .
[6]
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage - Fuels & Technologies. IEA. [2022-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05）（英国英语）.
[7]
Xu, Yixiang; Isom, Loren; Hanna, Milford A. Adding value to carbon dioxide from ethanol fermentations. Bioresource Technology. May 2010, 101 (10): 3311–3319. PMID 20110166. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.006.
[8]
De Ras, Kevin; Van de Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V; Marin, Guy B; Van Geem, Kevin M. Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. December 2019, 26: 81–87. S2CID 210619173. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001.
[9]
Keeling, Charles D. The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Tellus. January 1960, 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366 .
[10]
Keeling, Charles D.; Bacastow, Robert B.; Bainbridge, Arnold E.; Ekdahl Jr., Carl A.; Guenther, Peter R.; Waterman, Lee S.; Chin, John F. S. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus. January 1976, 28 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..538K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322.
[11]
X, the moonshot factory, We Solve for X: Mike Cheiky on negative carbon liquid fuels, [2018-12-08], （原始内容存档于2023-04-06）

延伸阅读

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. The Berkeley Lectures on Energy 1. 2014. ISBN 978-1-78326-327-1. doi:10.1142/p911.
Novel carbon capture and utilisation technologies: Research and climate aspects Berlin: SAPEA. Science Advice for Policy by European Academies (报告). 2018. doi:10.26356/CARBONCAPTURE.
New route to carbon-neutral fuels from carbon dioxide discovered by Stanford-DTU team （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[:0-1] [1]
Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. March 2015, 9: 82–102. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 .

[2] [2]
Carbon Capture. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. [2020-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-13）.

[3] [3]
Dibenedetto, Angela; Angelini, Antonella; Stufano, Paolo. Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. March 2014, 89 (3): 334–353. doi:10.1002/jctb.4229.

[:4-4] [4]
Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffrey A; Oldenburg, Curtis M; Bourg, Ian C. Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration. The Berkeley Lectures on Energy. Imperial College Press. 2013-06-18. ISBN 9781783263271. doi:10.1142/p911.

[5] [5]
Hepburn, Cameron; Adlen, Ella; Beddington, John; Carter, Emily A.; Fuss, Sabine; Mac Dowell, Niall; Minx, Jan C.; Smith, Pete; Williams, Charlotte K. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature. 6 November 2019, 575 (7781): 87–97. Bibcode:2019Natur.575...87H. PMID 31695213. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6 .

[6] [6]
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage - Fuels & Technologies. IEA. [2022-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-05）（英国英语）.

[:1-7] [7]
Xu, Yixiang; Isom, Loren; Hanna, Milford A. Adding value to carbon dioxide from ethanol fermentations. Bioresource Technology. May 2010, 101 (10): 3311–3319. PMID 20110166. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.006.

[8] [8]
De Ras, Kevin; Van de Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V; Marin, Guy B; Van Geem, Kevin M. Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. December 2019, 26: 81–87. S2CID 210619173. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001.

[9] [9]
Keeling, Charles D. The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Tellus. January 1960, 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366 .

[10] [10]
Keeling, Charles D.; Bacastow, Robert B.; Bainbridge, Arnold E.; Ekdahl Jr., Carl A.; Guenther, Peter R.; Waterman, Lee S.; Chin, John F. S. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus. January 1976, 28 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..538K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322.

[11] [11]
X, the moonshot factory, We Solve for X: Mike Cheiky on negative carbon liquid fuels, [2018-12-08], （原始内容存档于2023-04-06）

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碳源