沙姆解放组织

沙姆解放组织
沙姆解放组织
هيئة تحرير الشام
领导人	阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼（2017年10月起任军事首长、正式领导人）; 阿布·贾比尔·谢赫（修罗议会领袖，官方领袖至2017年10月）; 阿布·凯尔·马斯里 † （基地组织副头目）; 阿布·乌贝达·堪萨夫拉 †; （最高军事指挥官）;
活跃期	2017年1月28日—至今
效忠于	叙利亚救国政府
总部	叙利亚伊德利卜省
活跃地区	叙利亚; 黎巴嫩（至2017年8月）
意识形态	逊尼派伊斯兰主义萨拉菲主义萨拉菲主义圣战主义; 瓦哈比主义; ;
人数	~31,000 （预计2017年） ; 15,000–30,000 (est. 2018) ; 12,000–15,000 (est. 2020)
隶属于	统一军事委员会（伊德利卜）; 法塔赫穆宾
盟友	国家盟友：土耳其（有时）; 非国家盟友：民族解放阵线（有时）; 伊斯兰辅助者组织分裂派系; Soldiers of the Caucasus; Katiba Abd Ar-Rahman; Katibat Jabal al-Islam; 高加索酋长国; 叙利亚突厥斯坦伊斯兰党; Junud al-Makhdi; Malhama Tactical; Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan; Army of Glory; Jund al-Islam;
对手	国家对手叙利亚; 伊朗; 俄罗斯; 黎巴嫩 (Until 2017); 美国; 土耳其 (sometimes); 非国家对手 Liwa Zainebiyoun; Liwa Fatemiyoun; Template:Country data Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army (Sometimes) Syrian National Army; National Front for Liberation (sometimes); National Liberation Movement Men of God Brigade; ; ; 伊扎布特; 黎巴嫩真主党; Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas; Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba; 伊斯兰国;
战役、战争	叙利亚内战
	前身; * 胜利阵线（叙利亚基地组织）安萨尔丁阵线; Nour al-Din al-Zenki运动 (January–July 2017); Liwa al-Haqq; Jaysh al-Sunna (Idlib and Aleppo);

沙姆解放组织（阿拉伯语：هيئة تحرير الشام‎）是叙利亚内战中一个活跃的武装团体，于2017年1月28日由恐怖组织征服沙姆阵线与其它一些反政府武装团体合并而成^[27]。沙姆解放组织在成立初期有31,000人兵力，其中约18,000人来自征服沙姆阵线^[10]，其后有更多团体加入沙姆解放组织，兵力增加至50,000人^[28]，一些评论员认为沙姆解放组织是现时叙利亚境内单一最大的反巴沙尔政府武装团体^[29]。

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原征服沙姆阵线头目阿布·穆罕默德·约拉尼担任沙姆解放组织的军事领导人^[30]。沙姆解放组织与征服沙姆阵线关系密切，而伊朗政府则宣称卡塔尔和沙特阿拉伯支援沙姆解放组织。^[31]

国家	时间	参考
美国	2017年3月11日	^[32]^[33]
加拿大	2018年5月23日	^[34]
土耳其	2018年8月31日	^[35]
英国		^[36]

^ 引用错误：没有为名为jaber的参考文献提供内容
[2]
Julani is a temporary leader of the "Liberation of the Sham" .. This is the fate of its former leader. HuffPost. 2017-10-02 [2017-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-02）.
[3]
Joscelyn, Thomas. Al Qaeda and allies announce 'new entity' in Syria. Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. 2017-01-28 [2017-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-29）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为war的参考文献提供内容
[5]
A prominent Tahrir al-Sham commander killed in southern Idlib （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Islamic World News
[6]
Aymen Jawad al-Tamimi. From Jabhat al-Nusra to Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham: Evolution, Approach and Future (PDF). Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies. 2018 [2018-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-19）.
[7]
Enab Baladi. Who Will Lead Idleb's New 'Salvation Government?'. Syrian Observer. 2017-11-09 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-21）.
[8]
Studies, Middle East, politics, GCC, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Nuclear deal, Yemen, Trump, MENA, Turkey, Gulf Crisis, Qatar, Future for Advanced Research and. Cloning Chaos Why National Salvation Governments Fail in the Arab Region. مركز المستقبل. [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）.
[9]
Ghanmi, Elyès; Punzet, Agnieszka. The involvement of Salafism/Wahhabism in the support and supply of arms to rebel groups around the world (PDF). European Parliament. 2013-06-11 [2017-01-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-24）.
[10]
Rida, Nazeer. Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce. Asharq Al-Awsat. 2017-01-30. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）. 引用错误：带有name属性“surfacing”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
[11]
Reality Check team. Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?. BBC News. 2019-06-22 [2019-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-27）.
[12]
Joe Macaron. A confrontation in Idlib remains inevitable. Al-Jazeera. 2018-10-17 [2018-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-27）.
[13]
Zulfiqar Ali. Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?. BBC News. 2020-02-18 [2020-03-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-27）.
[14]
Key characteristics of Turkish use of Syrian armed proxies | Strategies of Turkish proxy warfare in northern Syria. clingendael.org. [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）.
[15]
Tarkhan's Jamaat (Katiba İbad ar-Rahman) Fighting In Hama Alongside Muslim Shishani. Chechens in Syria. 2018-01-29 [2018-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-04）.
[16]
Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. The Factions of North Latakia. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. [2018-09-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-21）.
[17]
More Detailed Information & Interview With Newly-Formed Tatar Group Junud Al-Makhdi Whose Amir Trained In North Caucasus With Khattab. 2016-07-03 [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-06）.
[18]
Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting - The Long War Journal. [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-15）.
[19]
Malhama Tactical, The Fanatics Tactical Guru!. The Firearm Blog. 2016-12-12 [2017-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-02）.
[20]
Caleb Weiss. New Uighur jihadist group emerges in Syria. Long War Journal. 2018-01-18 [2018-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-19）.
[21]
correspondent, Bethan McKernan Middle East. Turkish soldiers killed as battle for control of Idlib escalates. 2020-02-03 [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-20） –通过www.theguardian.com.
[22]
#Syria, Homs – Div Liwa Rijal Allah joins Harakat Tahrir Homs. Yalla Souriya. 2016-04-09 [2018-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）.
[23]
The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles. Hasan Mustafa. 2015-05-08 [2018-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-02）.
[24]
Idlib Faces a Fearsome Future: Islamist Rule or Mass Murder. [2019-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-20）.
[25]
هجوم مباغت لهيئة تحرير الشام في ريف حلب يسفر عن مقتل 10 عناصر من ميليشيا النجباء العراقية. 2017-09-12 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）.
[26]
Nour e-Din a-Zinki defects from HTS, citing unwillingness to end rebel infighting. Syria Direct. 2017-07-20 [2017-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-25）.
[27]
Monitoring, B. B. C. Tahrir al-Sham: Al-Qaeda's latest incarnation in Syria. BBC. 2017-02-12 [2017-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-03）.
[28]
Tomson, Chris. Islamist rebel group joins Al-Qaeda franchise in Syria. Al-Masdar News. 2017-05-21 [2017-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-11）.
[29]
Antonopoulos, Paul. FSA-affiliated group joins Al-Qaeda coalition; making it the largest militant group in Syria. Al-Masdar News. 2017-03-21 [2017-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-23）.
[30]
Hay’at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for ‘unity’ in Syrian insurgency. Long War Journal. 2017-02-10 [2017-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-16）.
[31]
"Confrontation between Turkey, Saudi Arabia Root Cause of Tensions among Terrorist Groups in Syria （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Fars News Agency. 2017-02-09.
[32]
Lister, Charles. US State Department declares that #HTS and all groups that merged into it are now considered Al-Qaeda & thus, HTS = a terrorist organization. 2017-03-11 [2018-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-20）.
[33]
United States Ambassador to Syria [@USEmbassySyria]. HTS is a merger and any group that merges into it becomes part of al-Qa'ida's Syrian network. #Syria (推文). 15 May 2017 –通过Twitter.
[34]
Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada. Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 152, Number 11: Regulations Amending the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities. gazette.gc.ca. 2018-05-30 [2018-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-19）.
[35]
Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group. 2018-08-31 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-29） –通过uk.reuters.com.
[36]
Charities warned that sending aid to Syria's Idlib could be a 'terror offence'. Middle East Eye. [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.

[jaber-1] 引用错误：没有为名为jaber的参考文献提供内容

[fate-2] [2]
Julani is a temporary leader of the "Liberation of the Sham" .. This is the fate of its former leader. HuffPost. 2017-10-02 [2017-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-02）.

[new_entity-3] [3]
Joscelyn, Thomas. Al Qaeda and allies announce 'new entity' in Syria. Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. 2017-01-28 [2017-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-29）.

[war-4] 引用错误：没有为名为war的参考文献提供内容

[5] [5]
A prominent Tahrir al-Sham commander killed in southern Idlib （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Islamic World News

[6] [6]
Aymen Jawad al-Tamimi. From Jabhat al-Nusra to Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham: Evolution, Approach and Future (PDF). Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies. 2018 [2018-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-19）.

[7] [7]
Enab Baladi. Who Will Lead Idleb's New 'Salvation Government?'. Syrian Observer. 2017-11-09 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-21）.

[8] [8]
Studies, Middle East, politics, GCC, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Nuclear deal, Yemen, Trump, MENA, Turkey, Gulf Crisis, Qatar, Future for Advanced Research and. Cloning Chaos Why National Salvation Governments Fail in the Arab Region. مركز المستقبل. [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）.

[9] [9]
Ghanmi, Elyès; Punzet, Agnieszka. The involvement of Salafism/Wahhabism in the support and supply of arms to rebel groups around the world (PDF). European Parliament. 2013-06-11 [2017-01-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-24）.

[surfacing-10] [10]
Rida, Nazeer. Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce. Asharq Al-Awsat. 2017-01-30. （原始内容存档于2017-02-15）. 引用错误：带有name属性“surfacing”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[Reality_Check_team_2019-11] [11]
Reality Check team. Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?. BBC News. 2019-06-22 [2019-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-27）.

[inevitable-12] [12]
Joe Macaron. A confrontation in Idlib remains inevitable. Al-Jazeera. 2018-10-17 [2018-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-27）.

[Reality_Check_2020-13] [13]
Zulfiqar Ali. Syria: Who's in control of Idlib?. BBC News. 2020-02-18 [2020-03-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-27）.

[14] [14]
Key characteristics of Turkish use of Syrian armed proxies | Strategies of Turkish proxy warfare in northern Syria. clingendael.org. [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）.

[15] [15]
Tarkhan's Jamaat (Katiba İbad ar-Rahman) Fighting In Hama Alongside Muslim Shishani. Chechens in Syria. 2018-01-29 [2018-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-04）.

[16] [16]
Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. The Factions of North Latakia. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. [2018-09-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-21）.

[17] [17]
More Detailed Information & Interview With Newly-Formed Tatar Group Junud Al-Makhdi Whose Amir Trained In North Caucasus With Khattab. 2016-07-03 [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-06）.

[18] [18]
Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting - The Long War Journal. [2016-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-15）.

[19] [19]
Malhama Tactical, The Fanatics Tactical Guru!. The Firearm Blog. 2016-12-12 [2017-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-02）.

[20] [20]
Caleb Weiss. New Uighur jihadist group emerges in Syria. Long War Journal. 2018-01-18 [2018-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-19）.

[21] [21]
correspondent, Bethan McKernan Middle East. Turkish soldiers killed as battle for control of Idlib escalates. 2020-02-03 [2021-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-20） –通过www.theguardian.com.

[wordpress.com-22] [22]
#Syria, Homs – Div Liwa Rijal Allah joins Harakat Tahrir Homs. Yalla Souriya. 2016-04-09 [2018-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）.

[wordpress.com1-23] [23]
The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles. Hasan Mustafa. 2015-05-08 [2018-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-02）.

[24] [24]
Idlib Faces a Fearsome Future: Islamist Rule or Mass Murder. [2019-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-20）.

[25] [25]
هجوم مباغت لهيئة تحرير الشام في ريف حلب يسفر عن مقتل 10 عناصر من ميليشيا النجباء العراقية. 2017-09-12 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-10）.

[defect-26] [26]
Nour e-Din a-Zinki defects from HTS, citing unwillingness to end rebel infighting. Syria Direct. 2017-07-20 [2017-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-25）.

[al-Qaeda_latest_incarnation-27] [27]
Monitoring, B. B. C. Tahrir al-Sham: Al-Qaeda's latest incarnation in Syria. BBC. 2017-02-12 [2017-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-03）.

[joins-28] [28]
Tomson, Chris. Islamist rebel group joins Al-Qaeda franchise in Syria. Al-Masdar News. 2017-05-21 [2017-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-11）.

[FSA_group_joins_HTS-29] [29]
Antonopoulos, Paul. FSA-affiliated group joins Al-Qaeda coalition; making it the largest militant group in Syria. Al-Masdar News. 2017-03-21 [2017-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-23）.

[30] [30]
Hay’at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for ‘unity’ in Syrian insurgency. Long War Journal. 2017-02-10 [2017-06-24]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-16）.

[31] [31]
"Confrontation between Turkey, Saudi Arabia Root Cause of Tensions among Terrorist Groups in Syria （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Fars News Agency. 2017-02-09.

[32] [32]
Lister, Charles. US State Department declares that #HTS and all groups that merged into it are now considered Al-Qaeda & thus, HTS = a terrorist organization. 2017-03-11 [2018-09-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-20）.

[autogenerated1-33] [33]
United States Ambassador to Syria [@USEmbassySyria]. HTS is a merger and any group that merges into it becomes part of al-Qa'ida's Syrian network. #Syria (推文). 15 May 2017 –通过Twitter.

[Government_of_Canada-34] [34]
Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada. Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 152, Number 11: Regulations Amending the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities. gazette.gc.ca. 2018-05-30 [2018-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-19）.

[35] [35]
Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group. 2018-08-31 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-29） –通过uk.reuters.com.

[36] [36]
Charities warned that sending aid to Syria's Idlib could be a 'terror offence'. Middle East Eye. [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-14）.

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沙姆解放组织

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沙姆解放组织

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被定性为恐怖组织

参考文献

沙姆解放组织
هيئة تحرير الشام
领导人	阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼（2017年10月起任军事首长、正式领导人）^[1]^[2] 阿布·贾比尔·谢赫（修罗议会领袖，官方领袖至2017年10月）^[3]^[2] 阿布·凯尔·马斯里 † （基地组织副头目）^[4] 阿布·乌贝达·堪萨夫拉 † （最高军事指挥官）^[5]
活跃期	2017年1月28日—至今
效忠于	叙利亚救国政府^[6]^[7]^[8]
总部	叙利亚伊德利卜省
活跃地区	叙利亚黎巴嫩（至2017年8月）
意识形态	逊尼派伊斯兰主义萨拉菲主义萨拉菲主义圣战主义瓦哈比主义^[9]
人数	~31,000 （预计2017年）^[10] 15,000–30,000 (est. 2018)^[11]^[12] 12,000–15,000 (est. 2020)^[13]
隶属于	统一军事委员会（伊德利卜）法塔赫穆宾
盟友	国家盟友：土耳其（有时）^[14] 非国家盟友：民族解放阵线（有时）伊斯兰辅助者组织分裂派系 Soldiers of the Caucasus Katiba Abd Ar-Rahman^[15] Katibat Jabal al-Islam^[16] 高加索酋长国叙利亚突厥斯坦伊斯兰党 Junud al-Makhdi^[17]^[18] Malhama Tactical^[19] Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan^[20] Army of Glory Jund al-Islam^[21]
对手	国家对手叙利亚伊朗俄罗斯黎巴嫩 (Until 2017) 美国土耳其 (sometimes) 非国家对手 Liwa Zainebiyoun Liwa Fatemiyoun Template:Country data Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army (Sometimes) Syrian National Army National Front for Liberation (sometimes) National Liberation Movement Men of God Brigade^[22]^[23] 伊扎布特^[24] 黎巴嫩真主党 Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba^[25] 伊斯兰国
战役、战争	叙利亚内战
前身 * 胜利阵线（叙利亚基地组织）安萨尔丁阵线 Nour al-Din al-Zenki运动^[26] (January–July 2017) Liwa al-Haqq Jaysh al-Sunna (Idlib and Aleppo)