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说掸语的人自称大傣(Tai Yai或Tai Long)。“掸”是他称，可能是暹罗一词的讹传。
南掸邦的掸语（傣耶语）一般用傣耶文书写，傣耶文非常接近缅文，与中国的傣绷文相同。20世纪60年代之前使用的老傣耶文还不能完整地记录掸语的语音。现行的傣耶文和语音对应良好。北掸邦接近克钦的地区的掸语（傣耶语）使用傣卯文，与东克钦、德宏的傣那文是同一文种；东掸邦的掸语（傣耶语）和傣痕语共用昙摩文，即西双版纳老傣文。
掸语有19个辅音。与泰语和老挝语不同，掸语没有[d]和[b]两个浊口腔塞音，古内爆浊音今读浊鼻塞音。
- 1 声门爆破音一般标记在未终止的短元音后，或者在一个元音前的无声“a”。
- 2 开头的[f]只见于某些方言词中，其他方言区一般发音为[pʰ]。
- 3 颤音很少见，一般用于英语或巴利语外来词中。很多掸族人不会发[r]这个音，有时发[l]作为替代。
掸语有10个元音，13个双元音：
[iu], [eu], [ɛu]; [ui], [oi], [ɯi], [ɔi], [əi]; [ai], [aɯ], [au]; [aːi], [aːu]
和泰语相比，掸语的元音的比较简单。掸族人在学习泰语时很难发出ia、ua、uea（[ɯa]）等双元音。此外，掸语没有三元音，在长元音和短元音方面也没有泰语那样系统性的区别。
掸语的元音有抑止元音和自由元音的对立，两者的声调有所不同。根据方言差异，掸语有五个或六个声调。第六个声调只在北部方言出现。
下表是六个自由元音音节表示的声调，即以[m]、[n]、[ŋ]、[w]等响音结尾的闭音节，和以[j]结尾的开音节。
| 序号 | 描述 | IPA | 描述 | 转写* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 低昇 |
˨˦ | 次低调上升到次高调 | ǎ | a (不标记) |
| 2 | 11 低平 |
˩ | 低平，持续平稳 | à | a, |
| 3 | 32 中降 |
˧˨ | 中调，然后略微降到次低调 | a (不标记) |
a; |
| 4 | 55 高平 |
˥ | 高平，持续平稳 | á | a: |
| 5 | 42 次高降(嘎裂声) |
˦˨ˀ | 短暂的嘎裂声，次高调迅速降到次低调并带声门塞音 | âʔ, â̰ | a. |
| 6 | 343 升降 |
˧˦˧ | 先从中调昇到次高调，再降到中调 (类似于从3调到5调) | a᷈ | |
- * The symbol in the first column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.
下表是具体音位的声调示例:
| 调值 | 掸语 | IPA | 示意 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rising | ၼႃ | /nǎː/ | na | 厚 |
| low | ၼႃႇ | /nàː/ | na, | 极、非常 |
| mid | ၼႃႈ | /nāː/ | na; | 脸 |
| high | ၼႃး | /náː/ | na: | 水田 |
| creaky | ၼႃႉ | /na̰/ | na. | 姨、舅 |
掸语声调与泰语声调对应，如下所示:
- 掸语的升调接近泰语的升调。
- The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.
- The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.
- The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.
- The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.
下表是四个抑止元音音节（入声）表示的声调，即以声门塞音[ʔ]及[p]、[t]、[k]三个阻碍音 结尾的闭音节。
| Tone | Shan | Phonemic | Phonetic | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | လၵ်း | /lák/ | [lak˥] | lak: | post |
| creaky | လၵ်ႉ | /la̰k/ | [la̰k˦˨ˀ] | lak. | steal |
| low | လၢၵ်ႇ | /làːk/ | [laːk˩] | laak, | differ from others |
| mid | လၢၵ်ႈ | /lāːk/ | [laːk˧˨] | laak; | drag |
The syllable structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the onset consists of a consonant optionally followed by a glide, and the rhyme consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants: /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /p/, and /ʔ/.
Some representative words are:
- CV /kɔ/ also
- CVC /kàːt/ market
- CGV /kwàː/ to go
- CGVC /kwaːŋ/ broad
- CVV /kǎi/ far
- CGVV /kwáːi/ water buffalo
Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with the initial weak syllable /ə/.
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