ZC45病毒(SL-CoV ZC45)与ZXC21病毒(SL-CoV ZXC21),被部分媒体称为舟山蝙蝠病毒[1],皆为严重急性呼吸系统综合症相关冠状病毒(SARSr-CoV)的病毒株,在中国浙江舟山的小菊头蝠样本中发现,于2018年发表。这两个病毒株属于SARS-CoV-2的演化支[2],全基因组核酸序列与SARS-CoV-2的相似度约为88%[3][4],与SARS-CoV的相似度则约为81%[5]。
Quick Facts ZC45病毒与ZXC21病毒, 病毒分类 ...
Close
2015年至2017年间,研究人员在浙江舟山采集334只小菊头蝠样本,发现其中含有多种冠状病毒序列,其中有两个新病毒株(即ZC45与ZXC21)的基因组被完整定序,分别长29802与29732nt,彼此基因组序列相似度为97%。这两个病毒株的基因组序列与SARS-CoV相似度约为81%,刺突蛋白(S)胺基酸序列和SARS-CoV的相似度则为77%,皆低于Rs3367等数种较早发现的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV和SARS-CoV的相似度,且两病毒刺突蛋白的S1次单元胺基酸序列和其他蝙蝠SARSr-CoV差异较大,与其相似度最高者(Rs806)亦仅有83%。动物实验显示ZC45病毒可感染实验大鼠,在多个器官造成发炎,其中以脑组织最为明显[5]。
2020年1月,2019冠状病毒病疫情甫爆发后,研究人员定序SARS-CoV-2的基因组,发现ZC45与ZXC21是当时已知核酸序列与SARS-CoV-2相似度最高的病毒,约有88%[注 1],高于SARS-CoV-2与SARS-CoV相似度的82%[2],共同组成一演化支,不过两病毒与与SARS-CoV-2在刺突蛋白的相似度较低,核酸序列的相似度约为75%,其中在S2次单元的相似度比S1次单元的高许多,在位于S1末端、与宿主细胞受体结合的受体结合结构域(receptor binding domain, RBD)相似度仅约60%,低于SARS-CoV-2与SARS-CoV在此的相似度(约74%)[4][6]。
2020年9月,前香港大学病毒学研究员闫丽梦在美国发表未经同行评审的论文,指控SARS-CoV-2并非自然产生,而是在实验室经改造ZC45与ZXC21(或称“舟山蝙蝠病毒”)而成的人造病毒,论文指出SARS-CoV-2基因组中的许多特征不见于其他冠状病毒,且ZC45与ZXC21的序列和其“十分相似”,很可能是制作SARS-CoV-2的来源模板,而与SARS-CoV-2关系接近、但在疫情爆发后才发表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒与穿山甲冠状病毒可能为虚构[7][8]。此论文的可信度受到诸多学者批评[9],许多病毒学家表示ZC45与ZXC21和SARS-CoV-2的序列差异大于10%,约有3500个碱基不同,差异已大到几乎不可能为人工制造[10],有学者并形容此论文为垃圾科学[11]。
Jiang, Shibo; Du, Lanying; Shi, Zhengli. An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020, 9 (1): 275–277. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1723441.
Lau, Susanna K.P.; Luk, Hayes K.H.; Wong, Antonio C.P.; Li, Kenneth S.M.; Zhu, Longchao; He, Zirong; Fung, Joshua; Chan, Tony T.Y.; Fung, Kitty S.C.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020, 26 (7): 1542–1547. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092.
Zhou, Hong; Chen, Xing; Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Song, Hao; Liu, Yanran; Wang, Peihan; Liu, Di; Yang, Jing; Holmes, Edward C.; Hughes, Alice C.; Bi, Yuhai; Shi, Weifeng. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein. Current Biology. 2020, 30 (11): 2196–2203.e3. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023.
Hu, Dan; Zhu, Changqiang; Ai, Lele; He, Ting; Wang, Yi; Ye, Fuqiang; Yang, Lu; Ding, Chenxi; Zhu, Xuhui; Lv, Ruicheng; Zhu, Jin; Hassan, Bachar; Feng, Youjun; Tan, Weilong; Wang, Changjun. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2018, 7 (1): 1–10. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5.
Lu, Roujian; Zhao, Xiang; Li, Juan; Niu, Peihua; Yang, Bo; Wu, Honglong; Wang, Wenling; Song, Hao; Huang, Baoying; Zhu, Na; Bi, Yuhai; Ma, Xuejun; Zhan, Faxian; Wang, Liang; Hu, Tao; Zhou, Hong; Hu, Zhenhong; Zhou, Weimin; Zhao, Li; Chen, Jing; Meng, Yao; Wang, Ji; Lin, Yang; Yuan, Jianying; Xie, Zhihao; Ma, Jinmin; Liu, William J; Wang, Dayan; Xu, Wenbo; Holmes, Edward C; Gao, George F; Wu, Guizhen; Chen, Weijun; Shi, Weifeng; Tan, Wenjie. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020, 395 (10224): 565–574. ISSN 0140-6736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Murakami, Shin; Kitamura, Tomoya; Suzuki, Jin; Sato, Ryouta; Aoi, Toshiki; Fujii, Marina; Matsugo, Hiromichi; Kamiki, Haruhiko; Ishida, Hiroho; Takenaka-Uema, Akiko; Shimojima, Masayuki; Horimoto, Taisuke. Detection and Characterization of Bat Sarbecovirus Phylogenetically Related to SARS-CoV-2, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020, 26 (12): 3025–3029. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid2612.203386.
Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu; Zhou, Niu; Zhang, Xu; Zou, Jie-Jian; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Li, Xiaobing; Shen, Xuejuan; Zhang, Zhipeng; Shu, Fanfan; Huang, Wanyi; Li, Yu; Zhang, Ziding; Chen, Rui-Ai; Wu, Ya-Jiang; Peng, Shi-Ming; Huang, Mian; Xie, Wei-Jun; Cai, Qin-Hui; Hou, Fang-Hui; Chen, Wu; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yongyi. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020-07-09, 583 (7815): 286–289. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x.
Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020, 579 (7798): 270–273. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
Temmam, Sarah; Vongphayloth, Khamsing; Baquero, Eduard; Munier, Sandie; Bonomi, Massimiliano; Regnault, Béatrice; Douangboubpha, Bounsavane; Karami, Yasaman; Chrétien, Delphine; Sanamxay, Daosavanh; Xayaphet, Vilakhan; Paphaphanh, Phetphoumin; Lacoste, Vincent; Somlor, Somphavanh; Lakeomany, Khaithong; Phommavanh, Nothasin; Pérot, Philippe; Dehan, Océane; Amara, Faustine; Donati, Flora; Bigot, Thomas; Nilges, Michael; Rey, Félix A.; van der Werf, Sylvie; Brey, Paul T.; Eloit, Marc. Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and infectious for human cells. Nature. 16 February 2022. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04532-4.