Rc-o319病毒是严重急性呼吸系统综合症相关冠状病毒(SARSr-CoV)的一个病毒株,在日本的角菊头蝠中发现,于2020年11月发表,属于SARS-CoV-2的演化支,全基因组核酸序列与SARS-CoV-2的相似度为81%,是该演化支中与SARS-CoV-2关系最远的病毒株[1][2]。此病毒是与SARS-CoV-2相关的完整病毒株序列中,首个在中国以外发现者[2],也是首个在中国以外的亚洲国家发现的完整SARSr-CoV病毒株序列[3]。
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2013年,研究人员在日本岩手县的一洞穴中捕获四只角菊头蝠,初步分析其粪便样本,发现其中含有乙型冠状病毒属病毒的RNA复制酶序列。2020年,研究人员完整定序了样本中冠状病毒的基因组,即为Rc-o319病毒[1]。
Rc-o319病毒在SARSr-CoV中属于SARS-CoV-2的演化支,全基因组核酸序列与SARS-CoV-2的相似度约为81%,以全基因组序列、复制酶序列、刺突蛋白序列绘制的系统发生树均显示Rc-o319病毒位于该演化支的基部,是最早分支的病毒株[1][2]。
Rc-o319病毒的刺突蛋白中与宿主受体结合的受体结合结构域(receptor binding domain, RBD)有一段长9个胺基酸的缺失,为此病毒所特有,且SARS-CoV-2的RBD中与人类细胞受体血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)结合所需的数个重要位点,Rc-o319大都与SARS-CoV-2对应不同胺基酸,显示前者可能难以与人类的ACE2结合而造成感染。假性病毒实验(pseudotyping)结果显示Rc-o319病毒只能与角菊头蝠的ACE2结合造成感染,无法结合人类、马铁菊头蝠与中华菊头蝠的ACE2,可能尚无法跨越物种障碍而感染其他物种[1]。
另外,有别于SARS-CoV与SARS-CoV-2除ACE2外,尚需跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2(TMPRSS2)切割病毒的刺突蛋白才能造成感染,Rc-o319病毒的感染则仅需ACE2,不需TMPRSS2[1]。
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