本症一般称为注意力不足过动症(ADHD),但一些精神科医师会使用注意力缺失症(ADD)的名称[a],这个名词首先于1980年出版的DSM第三版出现。在1987年出版的修订本中,才改用现在的名称。这个病症在中国大陆被称为注意力缺陷多动症,在台湾被称为注意力不足过动症,在香港被称为专注力失调过度活跃症,而在日本则被称为注意欠陷多动性障害(注意欠陥・多動性障害/ちゅういけっかん・たどうせいしょうがい)。在韩国则被称为注意力缺乏过多行动障碍(「주의력결핍 과다행동장애」)。在越南则被称为「Rối loạn tăng động giảm chú ý」/𦇒亂增動減注意。
Theoretical delay-of-reinforcement normal and ADHD gradients 因先天生理因素,未经治疗的ADHD通常比治疗之ADHD及非ADHD有著对刺激过于延迟的反应(反应包含:紧张、开心、......等),并造成患者过于不易分辨事情的缓急轻重、......等症状。
ADHD相较于其他非ADHD,有著较高的夜遗尿风险。(夜遗尿 Persistent Bed Wetting)[51]
情感性疾患(Mood Disorder or Mood Affective Disorder):特别是双极性症候群(Bipolar Disorder)以及Major Depression Disorder[41]。
物质滥用症候群(Substance Abused Disorder or Substance Use Disorder) 青少年与成人ADHD患者皆有相较对照组较高的物质滥用风险。物质滥用的原因之一可能是脑中原有的回馈酬赏回路(路径)〔reward pathway〕因各种因素而被另一回馈酬赏回路(路径)取代。[52]
自闭症类群障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder or Pervasive Development Disorder)当自闭症和ADHD同时存在时,社交沟通及社会互动障碍会更明显,且出现固定兴趣和重复行为,惟每位患者的严重程度不一。[16]
网路或3C成瘾(Internet or 3C Product Addict)ADHD很容易分心,喜欢新鲜的事物和刺激,一旦进入网路世界,就很容易沉迷于无边无际的网海。原本是为了要写报告找资料,但是一看到有趣的讯息就忍不住点进去,然后又连到另一个网站,网网相连到天边,患者或许知道本身已经分心,然而受限于自制力的缺乏,无法分辨事情的缓急轻重,于是乎很快就把报告和资料的事搁置或根本忘得一干二净。[16] 简单易上手的游戏,尤其影音画面一直在变,充满声光效果的刺激,不断破关和不停上升破纪录的积分,可以轻易吸引他们的注意力,获得立即的回馈和成就感,忘记日常生活中的挫折感和烦恼,因此网路和3C产品成瘾乃ADHD需特别注意的问题。[16]
利用核磁共振成像技术(MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging)对脑部扫描的研究显示患有ADHD和正常孩子的图象有分别。不少科学家认为这足以证明ADHD是和脑部创伤有关。但另一方面,根据脑部的正电子发射断层扫描显示,这种分别很可能只说明了ADHD患者的问题:因为他们并不能专注于一件事情,所以脑部影像只说明了作为脑内燃料的葡萄糖的分布,在两组儿童之间的分别。在成人患者的脑扫描中,控制专注力的部份由于葡萄糖水平较低,所以显得不太活跃(Zametkin et al.)。不过,没有证据显示低葡萄糖水平与低注意力有关连,亦无法推论两者之间的因果关系。
Eric (2001)的一项对老师进行的调查,研究了哪些课堂方法正在被实施,并能帮助提高注意力困难儿童上课时的注意力。教师们发现活动是最有效的方法。在坐的过程中提供活动可以提供持续的活动输入,而不用频繁的离开座位. Occupational therapy方面的文献建议,在教室中采用动态座位系统是可以改善学生感觉调节和注意力的一种方法。(Kimball, 1999)
[Frazier, TW; Demaree, HA; Youngstrom, EA (July 2004). "Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.". Neuropsychology. 18 (3): 543–55. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.543. PMID 15291732.]
[Mackenzie, GB; Wonders, E (2016). "Rethinking Intelligence Quotient Exclusion Criteria Practices in the Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.". Frontiers in psychology. 7: 794. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00794. PMC 4886698Freely accessible. PMID 27303350.]
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 59–65. ISBN 0890425558.
Coleman WL (August 2008). "Social competence and friendship formation in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 19 (2): 278–99, x. PMID 18822833.
"F90 Hyperkinetic disorders", International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, World Health Organisation, 2010, retrieved 2 November 2014
Bailey, Eileen. "ADHD and Learning Disabilities: How can you help your child cope with ADHD and subsequent Learning Difficulties? There is a way.". Remedy Health Media, LLC. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
Hofvander B, Ossowski D, Lundström S, Anckarsäter H. Continuity of aggressive antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood: The question of phenotype definition. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2009, 32 (4): 224–234. PMID 19428109. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.004.
Rubia K. "Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review. Biol. Psychiatry. June 2011, 69 (12): e69–87. PMID 21094938. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023.
Krull, KR (5 December 2007). "Evaluation and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children". Uptodate. Wolters Kluwer Health. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
[Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, DuPaul G, Earls M, Feldman HM, Ganiats TG, Kaplanek B, Meyer B, Perrin J, Pierce K, Reiff M, Stein MT, Visser S (November 2011). "ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents". Pediatrics. 128 (5): 1007–1022. doi:doi:10.1542%2Fpeds.2011-2654. PMID22003063.PMID22003063.]
An Early Description of ADHD (Inattentive Subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and `Mental Restlessness'(1798)Child and Adolescent Mental Health[dead link],Volume 6, Number 2, May 2001 , pp. 66–73 (8)
p 271, An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects.
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapters 10 and 13. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 266, 315, 318–323. ISBN 9780071481274. Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25158998 J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014 Aug;55(8):878-85. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12164. Epub 2013 Oct 25.
Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse.
Chang Z1, Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, D'Onofrio B, Serlachius E, Fazel S, Långström N, Larsson H.: CONCLUSIONS:
We found no indication of increased risks of substance abuse among individuals prescribed stimulant ADHD medication; if anything, the data suggested a long-term protective effect on substance abuse. Although stimulant ADHD medication does not seem to increase the risk for substance abuse, clinicians should remain alert to the potential problem of stimulant misuse and diversion in ADHD patients.]
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26249301 Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;2(8):702-9. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00271-0. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
Effect of drugs on the risk of injuries in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective cohort study.
Dalsgaard S1, Leckman JF2, Mortensen PB3, Nielsen HS4, Simonsen M4.: INTERPRETATION:
Children with ADHD had an increased risk of injuries compared with other children. Treatment with ADHD drugs reduced the risk of injuries by up to 43% and emergency ward visits by up to 45% in children with ADHD. Taken together with previous findings of accidents being the most common cause of death in individuals with ADHD, these results are of major public health importance.]
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686215 JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Apr;169(4):391-5. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3275.
Injury prevention by medication among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-only study.
Mikolajczyk R1, Horn J2, Schmedt N3, Langner I3, Lindemann C4, Garbe E5.: CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
No significant risk reduction for hospitalizations with injury diagnoses was observed during periods of ADHD medication, but there was a preventive effect on the risk of brain injuries (34% risk reduction). The effects were controlled for time-invariant characteristics of the patients by the study design.]
Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V. Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. March 2009, 32 (1): 39–56. PMID 19248915. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001.
Evans, SW; Owens, JS; Bunford, N. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2014, 43 (4): 527–51. PMID 24245813. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700.
Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clin EEG Neurosci. July 2009, 40 (3): 180–189. PMID 19715181. doi:10.1177/155005940904000311.
Hodgson, K; Hutchinson, AD; Denson, L. Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD: a meta-analytic review.. Journal of Attention Disorders. May 2014, 18 (4): 275–82. PMID 22647288. doi:10.1177/1087054712444732.