弗林效应

弗林效应（英语：Flynn effect）指智商测试的结果逐年增加的现象。

弗林效应是以詹姆斯·弗林（英语：James Flynn (academic)）命名的。最早提出这现象的人是理查德·林恩（英语：Richard Lynn）。在1982年的一期《自然》内，他提出美国人智力测验的成绩越来越好。弗林在1984年和1987年指出，这个现象具长期性、明显、在不少发达国家也有。^[1]^[2]但据挪威研究人员的研究，从1975年出生的挪威男子，IQ得分下降。^[3]

可能原因

生物学因素：
- 近亲通婚减少。（杂种优势）
- 营养更佳。
- 人类的颅顶增大^[4]。
社会学因素：
- 较多人得到教育。^[5]
- 社会复杂度提高：当社会更复杂，人们接受的刺激较多。^[6]
人们更熟习选择题。^[7]
如果受试者曾经做过类似的题目，第二次得的分数平均会高5或6点。不过，这个因素影响的程度始终是有上限的。^[5]
电视、电脑、智慧型手机及图形使用者界面普及，人们在操作电脑及智慧型手机的过程中，更熟悉智商测验的部分题目。

参考

[1]
Flynn, J. R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29-51.
[2]
Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
[3]
为什么年轻一代的 IQ 得分在下降. www.solidot.org. [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-13）.
[4]
"Changes in vault dimensions must occur by early childhood because of the early development of the vault." Secular change in craniofacial morphology Archive.is的存档，存档日期2012-12-16 "During the 125 years under consideration, cranial vaults have become markedly higher, somewhat narrower, with narrower faces. The changes in cranial morphology are probably in large part due to changes in growth at the cranial base due to improved environmental conditions. The changes are likely a combination of phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes over this period." Cranial change in Americans: 1850-1975.
[5]
Rising Scores on Intelligence Test （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Neisser, U. (1997). American Scientist, 85, 440-447.
[6]
Mingroni, M.A. (2004). "The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a closer look". Intelligence 32: 65–83.
[7]
(Ulric Neisser et al 1998) [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] [1]
Flynn, J. R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29-51.

[2] [2]
Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.

[3] [3]
为什么年轻一代的 IQ 得分在下降. www.solidot.org. [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-13）.

[4] [4]
"Changes in vault dimensions must occur by early childhood because of the early development of the vault." Secular change in craniofacial morphology Archive.is的存档，存档日期2012-12-16 "During the 125 years under consideration, cranial vaults have become markedly higher, somewhat narrower, with narrower faces. The changes in cranial morphology are probably in large part due to changes in growth at the cranial base due to improved environmental conditions. The changes are likely a combination of phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes over this period." Cranial change in Americans: 1850-1975.

[Neisser97-5] [5]
Rising Scores on Intelligence Test （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Neisser, U. (1997). American Scientist, 85, 440-447.

[6] [6]
Mingroni, M.A. (2004). "The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a closer look". Intelligence 32: 65–83.

[7] [7]
(Ulric Neisser et al 1998) [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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