希格斯玻色子的探索历史

在本篇文章里，希格斯玻色子简称为“希子”。所有实验结果的“置信水平”都是使用信号置信水平（英语：CLs upper limits）方法计算求得。^[1]假若侦测到可能为新粒子的事件数量超过背景数量，则称此为“超额事件”。任何发现新粒子的超额事件必需多过5个标准差才可算为正式发现。假若超额事件多过5个标准差，则侦测错误的机会是百万分之一。

到公元2000年为止，根据大型电子正子对撞机（LEP）所收集到的数据，标准模型希子的质量下限被设定为6992183288990112800♠114.4 GeV，置信水平95%。又在6992184250296004999♠115 GeV附近，侦测到一些超额事件。这些事件可以被诠释为质量约为6992184250296004999♠115 GeV（稍微大于下限截止值质量）的希子事件，可惜由于事件数量不够，无法做定论。^[2]

2010年7月，经过分析从兆电子伏特加速器（Tevatron）的 CDF侦测器与DØ侦测器得到的数据，排除希子的质量在158–6992280380885225000♠175 GeV以内，置信水平95%。^[3]^[4]

4月24日，新闻媒体谣传有新发现。^[5]5月8日，这些谣言被正式否定。^[6]虽然这些谣言并不是空口说瞎话，而是根据非正式、未通过正式检审的结果，但是为了要严谨地遵守实验法则，不能信以为真。^[7]

7月24日，分析超环面仪器（ATLAS）的实验数据，排除标准模型希子的质量在155-6992304413532530000♠190 GeV以内，置信水平95%；^[8]又从紧凑缈子线圈（CMS）得到的实验结果，排除质量在149-6992330048356322000♠206 GeV以内，置信水平95%。^[9]超环面仪器实验团队在同报告里表示，LHC可能已侦测到希子的踪迹，在低质量值域120−6992224304708180000♠140 GeV，侦测到超额事件，大约超过背景数量期望值2.8个标准差。^[10]

7月27日，CDF/DØ实验团队发表结果，延伸先前排除值域至156-6992283585238199000♠177 GeV，置信水平95%；另外，在值域125-6992248337355484999♠155 GeV内，发现少许超额事件（大约1个标准差）。^[11]

11月18日，超环面仪器与CMS实验数据的综合分析进一步缩小希子质量的容许值窗为 114–6992225906884667000♠141 GeV.^[12]^[13]

12月13日，超环面仪器与CMS实验团队分别表示，假若希子存在，其质量分别限制在值域115–6992208282943310000♠130 GeV（超环面仪器）或115–6992203476413849000♠127 GeV（CMS）以内，置信水平95%。另外，在6992200272060875000♠125 GeV附近（超环面仪器）与6992198669884388000♠124 GeV附近（CMS）侦测到的超额事件，符合希子存在的讯号，但也符合背景涨落讯号，在经过旁视效应（look-elsewhere effect）修正后，全域统计显著性分别为2.3标准差（超环面仪器）与低于2.0标准差（CMS）。^[14]^[15]

12月22日，DØ实验团队发表有关最小超对称标准模型（Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model， MSSM）希子的的最严格限制：对于 90-300 GeV 希子质量，已设定产生MSSM希子的tanβ上限；特别是对于 180 GeV 以下的的希子质量，排除 tanβ>20-30。（tanβ是两个希格斯二重态真空期望值的比率）^[16]

3月7日，CDF/DØ实验团队表示，在Tevatron的全部数据里，侦测到可以被认为是希子的超额事件，质量在115-6992216293825744999♠135 GeV值域，标准差为2.2，对应于可能是统计涨落的或然率是250分之1。这符合超环面仪器与CMS独立获得的结果。^[17]这结果排除希子质量在147-6992286789591173000♠179 GeV以内，置信水平95%。^[18]

7月2日，DØ与CDF实验团队宣布，进一步分析使他们更加有信心。他们排除希子的质量在100-6992165024178161000♠103 GeV、147-6992288391767660000♠180 GeV以内，置信水平95%。在能量115–140 GeV之间区域，超额事件的显著性差异现在定量为2.9个标准差，这对应于在550次事件中，有一次事件是归咎于统计涨落。这结果仍旧未能达到5个标准差，因此不能够作定论。^[19]^[20]

7月2日，超环面仪器实验团队发表2011年实验数据分析，排除希子的质量在111.4-6992186813778384200♠116.6 GeV、119.4-6992195625749062700♠122.1 GeV、129.2-6992866777479466999♠541 GeV以内，置信水平95%，又在质量6992201874237362000♠126 GeV附近检测出超额事件，标准差为2.9^[21]

7月4日，欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）举行专题讨论会与新闻发布会宣布，超环面仪器发现质量为126.5GeV的新玻色子，标准差为4.6。^[22]^[23]CMS发现质量为6992200752713821100♠125.3±0.6 GeV的新玻色子，标准差为4.9；^[24]^[25]这两个粒子极像希子，但还有待物理学者进一步分析来完全确定两个探测器探测到的粒子是否为希子。^[26]

7月31日，CERN的CMS小组和超环面仪器小组分别提交了新的侦测结果的论文，将这种疑似希格斯玻色子的粒子的质量确定为CMS的125.3 GeV/c2（统计误差：±0.4、系统误差：±0.5、标准偏差：5.8）^[27]和超环面仪器的126.0 GeV/c2（统计误差：±0.4、系统误差：±0.4、标准偏差：5.9）^[28]。

2013年3月14日，欧洲核子研究组织发布新闻稿表示，先前探测到的新粒子是希格斯玻色子。^[29]^[30]

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Brumfiel, Geoff. Higgs hunt enters endgame. Nature News. 18 November 2011 [22 November 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-06）.
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CMS Collaboration. Combined Standard Model Higgs boson searches with up to 2.3 inverse femtobarns of pp collision data at sqrt(s)=7 TeV at the LHC. CMS Physics Analysis Summaries. CERN. 2011-11-18. （原始内容存档于2015-09-20）.
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Lemonick, Michael D.. (22 February 2012) Higgs Boson: Found at Last? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. TIME. Retrieved on 9 March 2012.
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The TEVNPH Working Group, Combined CDF and D0 Search for Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 10.0 fb-1 of Data, CDF/DØ Collaboration, 16 March 2012 [2012-07-30], （原始内容存档于2022-03-27）
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[20]
The CDF & D0 Collaborations. Updated Combination of CDF and D0 Searches for Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 10.0 fb-1 of Data. 2 July 2012. arXiv:1207.0449  [hep-ex].
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Taylor, Lucas. Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV. CMS Public Website. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-05）.
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CMS collaboration. Observation of a new boson with a mass near 125 GeV. CMS-PAS-HIG-12-020. 2012 [2012-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-09）.
[26]
CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-05）.
[27]
CMS Collaboration, Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, 31 July 2012 [15 August 2012]
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ATLAS Collaboration, Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, 31 July 2012 [15 August 2012], （原始内容存档于2014-06-27）
[29]
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[30]
New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson. CERN. 2013-03-14 [2013-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-20）.

[Read-1] [1]
Read, A. L. Presentation of search results: The CL(s) technique. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 2002, 28 (10): 2693–2704 [2012-07-30]. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/28/10/313. （原始内容存档于2015-01-27）.

[2] [2]
W.-M. Yao; et al. Searches for Higgs Bosons (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 2006, 33: 5-6 [2012-07-30]. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-01-27）.

[Aaltonen_2010-3] [3]
T. Aaltonen (CDF and DØ Collaborations). Combination of Tevatron searches for the standard model Higgs boson in the W⁺W⁻ decay mode. Physical Review Letters. 2010, 104 (6). Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104f1802A. arXiv:1001.4162 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.061802.

[fermilab_2010-4] [4]
Fermilab experiments narrow allowed mass range for Higgs boson. Fermilab. 26 July 2010 [26 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.

[5] [5]
Mass hysteria! Science world buzzing over rumours the elusive 'God Particle' has finally been found- dailymail.co.uk. Mail Online. 24 April 2011 [24 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-01）.

[6] [6]
Brumfiel, Geoff. The collider that cried 'Higgs'. Nature. 2011 [2012-07-30]. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..136B. doi:10.1038/473136a. （原始内容存档于2020-11-25）.

[7] [7]
Butterworth, Jon. The Guardian, "Rumours of the Higgs at ATLAS". Guardian. 2011-04-24 [7 December 2011].

[8] [8]
ATLAS Collaboration. Combination of the Searches for the Higgs Boson in ~1 fb−1 of Data Taken with the ATLAS Detector at 7 TeV Center-of-Mass Energy. ATLSA Note. CERN. 24 July 2011. ATLAS-CONF-2011-112.

[9] [9]
CMS Collaboration. Search for standard model Higgs boson in pp collisions at sqrt{s}=7 TeV. CMS Physics Analysis Summaries. CERN. 2011-07-23. CMS-PAS-HIG-11-011.

[10] [10]
"Combined Standard Model Higgs Boson Searches in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ATLAS Note (24 July 2011) (pdf) The ATLAS Collaboration. Retrieved 26 July 2011.

[11] [11]
The CDF & D0 Collaborations. Combined CDF and D0 Upper Limits on Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 8.6 fb-1 of Data. 2011-07-27. arXiv:1107.5518  [hep-ex].

[12] [12]
Brumfiel, Geoff. Higgs hunt enters endgame. Nature News. 18 November 2011 [22 November 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-06）.

[13] [13]
CMS Collaboration. Combined Standard Model Higgs boson searches with up to 2.3 inverse femtobarns of pp collision data at sqrt(s)=7 TeV at the LHC. CMS Physics Analysis Summaries. CERN. 2011-11-18. （原始内容存档于2015-09-20）.

[14] [14]
ATLAS collaboration. Combination of Higgs Boson Searches with up to 4.9 fb-1 of pp Collisions Data Taken at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC. ATLAS Note. CERN. 2011-12-13.

[CMS_December_2011-15] [15]
CMS search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in LHC data from 2010 and 2011. CERN. 13 December 2011 [13 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-07）.

[pp_2011-16] [16]
Search for Higgs bosons of the minimal supersymmetric standard model in p-p collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV (PDF). DØ Collaboration. 22 December 2011 [23 December 2011]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-01）.

[17] [17]
Lemonick, Michael D.. (22 February 2012) Higgs Boson: Found at Last? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. TIME. Retrieved on 9 March 2012.

[TevatronMarch2012-18] [18]
The TEVNPH Working Group, Combined CDF and D0 Search for Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 10.0 fb-1 of Data, CDF/DØ Collaboration, 16 March 2012 [2012-07-30], （原始内容存档于2022-03-27）

[tev12-19] [19]
Tevatron scientists announce their final results on the Higgs particle. Fermilab press room. 2 July 2012 [2 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-21）.

[CDF&D012-20] [20]
The CDF & D0 Collaborations. Updated Combination of CDF and D0 Searches for Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 10.0 fb-1 of Data. 2 July 2012. arXiv:1207.0449  [hep-ex].

[atlas1207a-21] [21]
ATLAS Collaboration. Combined search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. 2 July 2012. arXiv:1207.0319  [hep-ex].

[atlas1207-22] [22]
Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search. ATLAS News. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012年7月7日）.

[atlas1207c-23] [23]
ATLAS collaboration. Observation of an Excess of Events in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. ATLAS-CONF-2012-093. 2012 [2012-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-14）.

[cms1207-24] [24]
Taylor, Lucas. Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV. CMS Public Website. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-05）.

[cms1207b-25] [25]
CMS collaboration. Observation of a new boson with a mass near 125 GeV. CMS-PAS-HIG-12-020. 2012 [2012-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-09）.

[cern1207-26] [26]
CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson. CERN. 4 July 2012 [4 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-05）.

[cms-0731-27] [27]
CMS Collaboration, Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, 31 July 2012 [15 August 2012]

[atlas-0731-28] [28]
ATLAS Collaboration, Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, 31 July 2012 [15 August 2012], （原始内容存档于2014-06-27）

[sciencemag0314-29] [29]
Higgs Boson Positively Identified. Science. 2013-03-14 [2013-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-11）.

[CERN0314-30] [30]
New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson. CERN. 2013-03-14 [2013-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-20）.

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希格斯玻色子的探索历史

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