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土耳其语文法(土耳其语:Türkçe dilbilgisi)为土耳其语之文法。土耳其语和其他突厥语言如阿塞拜疆语、土库曼语、乌兹别克语、哈萨克语和维吾尔语的语法相似,尽管它们的细节不同。
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土耳其语是一种高度凝聚性的语言,因为大部分语法都是通过添加到名词和动词的后缀来表达的。与许多欧洲语言相比,这是非常规律的。
后缀(ek)附加到词干(gövde)后。
土耳其语是一种性别中立的语言,除了一些性别特定的专业复合词。第三人称单数代词她他它都对应一个土耳其语代词o。由于许多土耳其语中的名字也是性别中立的,因此有可能描述一个没有性别的人。
土耳其语使用第二人称代词,区分不同程度的礼貌,社交距离,年龄,礼貌或对收件人的熟悉程度。
家庭成员及朋友使用第二人称单数代名词 sen 相互交谈,成年人使用 sen 来称呼未成年人。 在正式场合中、对长辈或者上司,则应以第二人称复数代名词 siz 称呼,相当于中文的“您”。
土耳其语的敬语通常跟随在名字后面,特别是当它们指到性别、或特定的社会地位时。 比如 Ahmet Bey(Ahmet先生)、Ayşe Hanım(Ayşe女士)、İhsan Öğretmen(İhsan老师)。
土耳其语"词性"(söz türleri "word-kinds")有九个部分。
土耳其语基本顺序是主语 - 宾语 - 动词(SOV)。
土耳其语 | 汉语 | 英语 | 注解 |
---|---|---|---|
Avrupa | 欧洲 | Europe | 一个名词 |
Avrupalı | 欧洲的 | of Europe/European | +形容词词根 |
Avrupalılaş | 成为欧洲的 | become European | +不及物动词词根 |
Avrupalılaştır | 欧洲化 | Europeanise | +及物动词词根 |
Avrupalılaştırama | 无法欧洲化 | be unable to Europeanise | +否定动词词根 |
Avrupalılaştıramadık | 我们无法欧洲化 | we couldn't Europeanise | 分词 |
Avrupalılaştıramadık | one that is unable to be Europeanised | 名词 | |
Avrupalılaştıramadıklar | unable to be Europeanised ones | 复数 | |
Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımız | they, who we couldn't manage to Europeanise | 第一人称复数所有格 | |
Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdan | of them who we couldn't manage to Europeanise | +夺格词根 | |
Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmış | is reportedly of ours that we were unable to Europeanise | copula in inferential tense | |
Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınız | you are reportedly of ours that we were unable to Europeanise | 2nd person plural/formal | |
Avrupalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınızcasına | as if you were reportedly of ours that we were unable to Europeanise | Adverb of equalization/possibility |
复数后缀(çoğul eki)可用于名词以及第三人称动词:
土耳其语名词没有区分性别。
baş | "head" |
başlar | "[some] heads" |
beş baş | "five head(s)", but |
Beşevler | "Five Houses" (district of Bursa) |
Aliler | "Ali and his family" |
teyze | "maternal aunt" |
teyzem | "my maternal aunt" |
teyzemler | "my maternal aunt and her family" |
第1人称 | 第2人称 | 第3人称 | |
---|---|---|---|
单数 | -(i)m | -(i)n | -(s)i |
复数 | -(i)miz | -(i)niz | -leri |
示例 | 复合结构 | 翻译 |
---|---|---|
teyzen | teyze "maternal aunt" + -n "belonging to you (singular)" | "your maternal aunt" |
teyzeniz | teyze "maternal aunt" + -niz "belonging to you (plural)" | "your maternal aunt" |
teyzelerin | teyze "maternal aunt" + -ler- (plural suffix) + -in "belonging to you (singular)" | "your maternal aunts" |
teyzeleriniz | teyze "maternal aunt" + -ler- (plural suffix) + -iniz "belonging to you (plural)" | "your maternal aunts" |
fikir | "idea" |
fikirleri | "their idea" or "their ideas" or "his/her ideas" |
格位 | 土耳其语 | 词尾 | 示例 | 翻译 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
通格 | yalın ("bare") durum | -∅- | ev ("house") | adam ("man") | "(the) house" | "(the) man" |
定性 宾格 | belirtme ("clarifying") durumu | -(y)ı-, -(y)i-, -(y)u-, -(y)ü- | evi | adamı | "the house" | "the man" |
与格 | yönelme ("facing-towards") durumu | -(y)a-, -(y)e- | eve | adama | "to the house" | "to the man" |
方位格 | bulunma ("being-present") durumu | -da-, -de-, -ta-, -te- | evde | adamda | "at home" | "in/on the man" |
离格 | çıkma ("going-out") durumu | -dan-, -den-, -tan-, -ten- | evden | adamdan | "from the house" | "from the man" |
所有格 | tamlayan ("compounding") eki | -(n)ın-, -(n)in-, -(n)un-, -(n)ün- | evin | adamın | "the house's" | "the man's" |
工具格 | aracılık ("mediation") halı | -(y)le-, -(y)la- | evle | adamla | "with the house" | "with the man" |
格位 | 土耳其语 | 词尾 | 示例 | 翻译 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
通格 | yalın ("bare") durum | -∅- | evi ("his/her house") | adamı ("his/her man") | "(his/her) house" | "(his/her) man" |
定性 宾格 | belirtme ("clarifying") durumu | -nı-, -ni-, -nu-, -nü- | evini | adamını | "his/her house" | "his/her man" |
与格 | yönelme ("going-towards") durumu | -na-, -ne- | evine | adamına | "to his/her house" | "to his/her man" |
方位格 | bulunma ("being-present") durumu | -nda-, -nde- | evinde | adamında | "at his/her home" | "in/on his/her man" |
离格 | çıkma ("going-out") durumu | -ndan-, -nden- | evinden | adamından | "from his/her house" | "from his/her man" |
所有格 | tamlayan ("compounding") eki | -nın-, -nin-, -nun-, -nün- | evinin | adamının | "his/her house's" | "his/her man's" |
通格(绝对格)结合主格、呼格以及(部分)宾格等格位的用法。通格用于句子上的主题,以及被寻址的人名。通格也用为"不定式的直接宾语"(indefinite direct object)。"定式的直接宾语"(Definite direct object)是在存于"定式的宾格"(definite-accusative case)里:
şiir | "poem" | (absolute case) |
Şiir okur. | "S/he reads a poem/poetry." | (absolute case, indefinite direct object) |
Şiiri okur. | "S/he reads the poem." | (accusative case, definite direct object) |
Birayı | buzdolabına | koy. |
the-beer | into-icebox | put |
"Put the beer in(to) the fridge." |
Güneşin | batışına | bak. |
sun's | at-its-sinking | look |
"Look at the sunset." |
Hükümete | güven. |
in-government | trust |
"Trust the government." |
方位格在说明"什么地方"(where),因此对应于英语介词 “at”、“on”,以及 “in”(当"in"不在表示“into”时)。一般以后缀形式置于词尾。
Buzdolabında | dört | bira | var |
in-icebox | four | beer | exist |
"There are four beers in the fridge." |
kumdan | yapılmış | kale |
of-sand | made | castle |
"castle made of sand" |
açlıktan | öl | |
of-hunger | die | |
"die of hunger" |
anne | "mother" |
annesi | "her mother" |
Ayşe'nin annesi | "Ayşe's mother" |
Türkiye'nin Cumhurbaşkanı | "The President of Turkey" (definite) |
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | "The Republic of Turkey" (indefinite) |
nikâh yüzüğü | "wedding ring" |
altın yüzük | "gold ring" |
Deniz'le konuştuk | "Deniz and we spoke."[nb 1] |
çekiçle vur | "hit with a hammer" |
Onunla konuştuk | "He and we spoke."[nb 2] |
人称 | 第1人称 | 第2人称 | 第3人称 |
---|---|---|---|
单数 | -(y)im | -sin | — |
复数 | -(y)iz | -siniz | -ler |
示例
Türk or Türktür | "S/he is Turkish" |
Türkler or Türktürler | "They are Turkish" |
Türklerdir | "They are the Turks" [1] |
Evinizdeyim. | |||
ev- | -iniz | -de- | -yim |
house | your (plural) | at (locative case) | I am (1st-sing. predicative) |
"I am at your house." |
Beklemeniz | lâzım. |
your-waiting | necessary |
"You have to wait." |
Sesini | duymayı | seviyorum. |
your-voice-ACC | hearing-ACC | I-love |
"I like to hear your voice." |
Ülkemizde | nano | teknolojik | ürünler | üretilmeye | başlandı. |
In-our-country | nano | technological | products | to-be-produced | began |
"Nano-technological products began to be produced in our country."[2] |
土耳其语中的某些动词可以用于增强其它动词的含义,或则将名词与动词黏著成新动词。而这些黏著构成新动词称之为助动词。简明列表说明如下:
动词和名词一起使用以黏著成新动词
示例
如果名词的词根通过黏著的过程发生构词变化,那么词根与词缀之间相邻书写即可。这些用法主要是在阿拉伯语的借词,黏著法可以转换构词为更原始的形式。
在土耳其语中,一个音节里的两个辅音需要加上一个元音才能发音。仅有借词有例外情况,但那些失去原始形式的字词则更常见此种元辅音的构词。此种构词会以两种方式产生:
例外情况:如以ht、nk、rt、rk等双辅音结尾的单词,比如taht("王座")、renk("颜色")、kart("卡片"),则此两个辅音之间不要添加元音。这种情况的单词大部分是来自波斯语、或西方语言的借词(也有少部分来自阿拉伯语的单词、比如ذَوْق意即zevk("乐趣、快乐")。
范例
名词凝集助动词 | 新动词 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
kayıp + etmek | kaybetmek ("to lose") | kayıp ("lost") was originally kayb, an Arabic loanword |
haciz + etmek | haczetmek ("to sequester") | haciz ("sequestration") was originally hacz, an Arabic loanword |
haz + etmek | hazzetmek ("to relish, enjoy") | haz ("delight") was originally hazz, an Arabic loanword |
和其他的动词一起使用以增强其含义的动词:
范例
语构 | 土耳其语 | 英语 | 中文 |
---|---|---|---|
属性 | yeşil çim | "[the] green grass" | "草绿" |
表语 | Çim yeşil(dir). | "Grass is green." | "草是绿的" |
Yeşildir çim. |
Gökte | bir | bulut | yok. |
in-the-sky | a | cloud | not existing |
"There is not a cloud in the sky." |
Hiç | param | yok. |
no | my-money | there-is-not |
"I have no money." |
Hiçbir | adam | ada | değildir. |
no-one | man | island | is-not |
"No man is an island." |
比较:
形容词的比较词组构造法中,同中文及英语等语言一样;分为比较级及最高级。比较级分为正向比较级法、及负向比较级法;同样、最高级也分为正向最高级法、及负向最高级法两种。
在"正向比较级词组"构造法中,比较基准词在使用离格(后缀)的情形时(tüyden);副词daha("较多")是可选择性的,除非该"比较基准词"被排除在外。如加daha则置于"比较级形容词"(hafif)之前。。
tüyden | (daha) | hafif |
feather-ABL | (more) | light |
"lighter than a feather" |
在"负向比较级词组"构造法中,副词az("较少")则是必须加在"比较级形容词"(ağır)前;"比较基准词"(kurşundan)仍然使用离格(后缀)的情形时;daha仍然是可选择性、如加daha则置于az之前。
kurşundan | (daha) | az | ağır |
lead-ABL | (more) | less | heavy |
"less heavy than lead" |
在"正向最高级词组"构造法中"、则在词组前置加副词en("最")来构成;en则置于"最高级形容词"(büyük)之前、"比较基准词"(yalancı)则置于词组最后。
en | büyük | yalancı |
most | big | liar |
"the biggest liar" |
在"负向最高级词组"构造法中"、则在词组前置加副词en("最")来构成;en则置于"最高级形容词"(az)之前、"比较基准词"(güvenilir)则置于词组最后。
en | az | güvenilir |
most | less | trust- |
"the least trustworthy" |
|
"flowing water", from ak- (to flow) |
Silahları çekip |
Guns pulling-out-and |
—Birgün Halkın Gazetesi, 25 July 2005 |
|
"the week that will come", that is, "next week" |
|
"a book that was read" |
土耳其语形容词亦可用强化性(pekiştirme)的前缀叠词来加强其修饰程度。[3]这种用法亦如闽南语修饰语之叠词架构;而叠词之间就以辅音做中介音,规则如下:
假如形容词以辅音字母作开头。其词构是《前缀辅音 + 跟随元音 + m、p、r 或 s(中介辅音) + 重复前缀辅音 + 词尾》。[3]p 则设定为内定默认值,这种是最常见的词构形式。而/r/及/m/这两种形式则很少见。并没有单一的语音规则来支配中介辅音的选择性需求。这种选择性倾向于尽量减少在形容词基底架构中辅音的特征相似性、亦强化响度差异性的显著;特别是第一个"前缀辅音"以及第二个"中介辅音"的语音响度差异:[4]
如果形容词以元音开头之,则其前缀由该形容词的元音 + p 所组成。其词构是《前缀元音 + 跟随辅音 + p(中介辅音) + 重复前缀元音 + 词尾》:[3]
而元音有时也跟著加在辅音之后。其词构是《前缀辅音 + 跟随元音 + (p + (a/e))(中介辅音) + 重复前缀辅音 + 词尾》:[3]
且有些形容词不止有一种叠词强化性"中介辅音"(中缀)形式:[6]
这个形容词强化性过程、亦称为叠词强化性语构。上述修饰性语构的变化仅适用于特定的常见形容词(介于100[7]与215之间,具体取决于词语来源[8]),不过不适用于新加入土耳其语的新形容词。然而,当要进行这种语词修饰的变化时,母语人士则是能够创造出新颖的修饰性之语构来。[4]
否定副词是değil。 "否定副词"用于"无动词否定句型"、或则var 的句型;而且"否定副词"亦需要适当的人称结尾:
''Evde değilim'' "我不在家" 《''Evde değil-im''》
''Güle güle'' "[Go] smilingly" (said to somebody departing);
''Güle güle kullanın'' "Use [it] smilingly" (said to somebody with a new acquisition);
''Beşe çeyrek kala kalktım'' "To-five a-quarter remaining I-got-up", that is,
"I got up at a quarter to five";
''Onu yirmi geçe uyudun'' "You slept at twenty past ten"
(''uyu-'' "sleep", although ''uy-'' "heed").
''Geceyi konuşarak geçirdik'' "The-night talking we-caused-to-pass", that is,
"We spent the night talking."
''Akıl yürüterek bu sonuca ulaşıyorum'' "By using reason, I arrived at this conclusion"
[the latter is Bülent Ecevit as quoted in Cumhuriyet, 20 July 2005].
''Doğaya en az zarar vererek yaşamak'' "To live while giving the least harm to nature"
[Buğday 杂志, 7–8/2005, no 32].
''Size bir dost olarak söylüyorum'' "To-you a friend as I'm-telling", that is,
"I'm telling you this as a friend";
''ciddi olarak'' "seriously" (''ciddi'' "serious").
''Bakmadan atlama'' "Don't leap without looking";
''Bakmadan önce atlama'' "Don't leap before looking."
''Bir soruyu cevaplamadan tartışmak,''
''tartışmadan cevaplamaktan iyidir''
"A particular-question without-answering to-debate
without-debating from-to-answer is-good," that is,
"It is better to debate without answering than to answer without debating."
''Baktıktan sonra atla'' "After looking, leap";
''Ayşe baktıktan sonra Neşe atladı'' "After Ayşe looked, Neşe leapt."
''Eve girmekteyken, bir şey hatırladım'' "As I was entering the house, I remembered something";
''Ben eve girmekteyken, telefon çaldı'' "As I was entering the house, the telephone rang."
数别 | 单数 | 复数 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人称 | 第1人称 | 第2人称 | 第3人称 | 第1人称 | 第2人称 | 第3人称 |
通格 | ben | sen | o | biz | siz | onlar |
宾格 | beni | seni | onu | bizi | sizi | onları |
与格 | bana | sana | ona | bize | size | onlara |
方位格 | bende | sende | onda | bizde | sizde | onlarda |
离格 | benden | senden | ondan | bizden | sizden | onlardan |
属格 | benim | senin | onun | bizim | sizin | onların |
工具格 | benimle | seninle | onunla | bizimle | sizinle | onlarla |
名词 | 动词 |
---|---|
baş "head" | başla- "make a head", that is, "begin" |
kilit "lock" | kilitle- "make locked", that is, "lock" |
kir "dirt" | kirle- "make dirty" |
语音 | 词尾 | 注解 |
---|---|---|
反身动词 | -(i)n | |
相互表示 | -(i)ş | |
使役表示 | -t | after polysyllabic stems in -l, -r, or a vowel; and |
-dir | in other cases; except: | |
-ir, -er, -it | after some monosyllabic stems; and | |
there are some other exceptional forms as well. | ||
被动表示 | -il | after stemsP ending in a consonant other than -l; otherwise, same as reflexive. |
动词词根/词干 | 新动 | 语音 |
---|---|---|
bul "find" | buluş "meet" | -uş (reciprocal) |
bulun "be found/present" | -un (reflexive) | |
yıka "wash (something)" | yıkan "wash oneself" | -n (reflexive) |
yıkanıl "be washed" | -n (reflexive) + -ıl (passive) | |
kayna "(come to a) boil" | kaynat "(bring to a) boil" | -t (causitive) |
öl "die" | öldür "kill" | -dür (causitive) |
|
öldürt "have (someone) killed" | -t (causitive, factitive) |
ara "look for" | araştır "investigate" | -ş (reciprocal) + -tır (causitive) = (repetitive) |
英语不定式 | 英语有限形式 | |
---|---|---|
gel- | "come" | "come" |
gelme- | "not come" | "do not come" |
geleme- | "be unable to come" | "cannot come" |
gelebil- | "be able to come" | "can come" |
gelmeyebil- | "be able to not come" | "may not come" |
gelemeyebil- | "able to be unable to come" | "may be unable to come" |
疑问助词mi在谓语(I 型)词尾之前(除第三人称复数-ler之外),不过接在动词II型词尾所构成的完整动词之后:
数 | 人称 | 词尾 | 示例 | 英语翻译 |
---|---|---|---|---|
单数 | 第1人称 | -(y)eyim | Geleyim | "Let me come" |
第2人称 | — | Gel | "Come (you, singular)" | |
第3人称 | -sin | Gelsin | "Let [her/him/it] come" | |
复数 | 第1人称 | -(y)elim | Gelelim | "Let us come" |
第2人称 | -(y)in(iz) | Gelin | "Come (you, plural)" | |
第3人称 | -sinler | Gelsinler | "Let them come" |
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