药物设计(英语:Drug design),常称理性药物设计(Rational drug design),是根据生物靶点(Biological target)的现有知识寻找与发现新型药物的过程[1]。最常见的药物类型如有机小分子药物,可激活或抑制蛋白质等生物分子功能,进而为患者在治疗中获益。药物设计可狭义地定义为药物分子设计,这些药物分子的形状和原子所带电荷与生物分子靶标存在互补关系,即“锁钥模型”(Lock and key model),因此药物分子会与生物靶标存在结合力。使用电脑分子建构技术进行药物设计可称为计算机辅助药物设计(Computer-aided drug design,CADD)。根据对于生物目标的化学结构来进行设计,称为结构药物设计(Structure-based drug design)[2]。除了小分子之外,现今包括多肽与单克隆抗体治疗在内的众多生物治疗方式,在制药领域变得越发重要。与此同时,各种提高药物亲和力、选择性和稳定性的算法在基于蛋白质治疗的领域中也持续发展[3]。
基于配体的药物设计(或间接药物设计)基于与已知生物靶标与确定分子结合的数据。这些分子可用于推测药效团模型,即分子中可结合靶标中最小且必要的结构片段[32]。同样的,构建生物靶标模型可基于与其结合的分子,同时该建模反之可用于设计与靶标相互作用的新化学实体(New chemical entity,NCE)。又或者,该建模还可归纳量化结构-活性关系(QSAR),即通过计算分子性质与实验测定的生物活性之间的关联度。这些QSAR关系还可继续通过计算机模拟迭代,以预测新的候选类似物的生物活性[33]。
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