创造论与科学

创造论与进化论的争议是有关生命起源是用创造论或是进化论（智能设计）来诠释的争议，也和人类、地球甚至宇宙起源有关，是经常出现的文化，政治和神学的争议^[1]。此处的“创造论”一般专指基督教中的创造论，也就是相信圣经创世纪所记载：人类、生物、地球及宇宙是由上帝所创造，而进化论则认为生物及人类是因著生物世代之间的变异现象，由其他物种演变而来，是科学界的主流理论。目前对生物与人类起源的问题，存在有强烈的科学共识支持演化论。绝大多数的科学社群和学术团体，都认为演化论是唯一能完全满足在生物学、古生物学、分子生物学、遗传学、人类学及其他各领域中所观察到的现象的理论。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]一项在1991年所作的盖洛普民调显示，只有大约5%的科学家（包括生物学领域以外的其他科学家）认为自己是创造论者。^[7]^[8]截至目前为止，没有任何反对演化论且经过科学方面同行审查的论文，名列科学与医学期刊搜寻引擎PubMed当中^[9]；但在学术界以外的地方，依旧有许多人相信演化论以外的其他解释。一项2009年由皮尤研究中心做的调查显示，“几乎所有的科学家（97%）都认为，人类和其他的动物是透过演化而变成现在的样子的，87%的科学家认为，这过程是自然发生的，包含了诸如天择等的过程；然而科学界的主流观点，也就是生物是透过天择等过程演化来的这点，并非一般大众普遍的看法，只有大约三分之一（32%）的民众相信演化论。”^[10]

创造论与进化论的争议在美国是很大的议题，在欧洲和其他地区也造成一些争议^[11]，亦被视为是文化战争的一部份^[12]。

[1]
Shermer, Michael. Then a Miracle Occurs: An Obstreperous Evening with the Insouciant Kent Hovind, Young Earth Creationist and Defender of the Faith. eSkeptic Online. 2004-05-10 [2007-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-01）.
[2]
Myers, PZ. Ann Coulter: No evidence for evolution?. Pharyngula (scienceblogs.com). 2006-06-18 [2006-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-22）.
[3]
The National Science Teachers Association's position statement on the teaching of evolution.
[4]
IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Joint statement issued by the national science academies of 67 countries, including the United Kingdom's Royal Society (PDF file)
[5]
From the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world's largest general scientific society: 2006 Statement on the Teaching of Evolution (PDF file), AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws
[6]
Fact, Fancy, and Myth on Human Evolution, Alan J. Almquist, John E. Cronin, Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jun., 1988), pp. 520–522. [2018-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-10）.
[7]
Public beliefs about evolution and creation, Robinson, B. A. 1995.. [2018-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-19）.
[8]
Many scientists see God's hand in evolution, Witham, Larry, Reports of the National Center for Science Education 17(6): 33, 1997. [2018-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-05）.
[9]
Attie AD, Sober E, Numbers RL, Amasino RM, Cox B, Berceau T, et al. Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116 (5): 1134–8. PMC 1451210 . PMID 16670753. doi:10.1172/JCI28449.
[10]
Pew Research Center: "Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" July 9, 2009.
[11]
Curry, Andrew. Creationist Beliefs Persist in Europe. Science. 27 February 2009, 323 (5918): 1159. PMID 19251601. doi:10.1126/science.323.5918.1159."News coverage of the creationism-versus-evolution debate tends to focus on the United States ... But in the past 5 years, political clashes over the issue have also occurred in countries all across Europe. ... 'This isn't just an American problem,' says Dittmar Graf of the Technical University of Dortmund, who organized the meeting."
[12]
Larson, Edward J. Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution. Oxford University Press. 2003: 276. ISBN 0-19-515470-3.

[Hovind-1] [1]
Shermer, Michael. Then a Miracle Occurs: An Obstreperous Evening with the Insouciant Kent Hovind, Young Earth Creationist and Defender of the Faith. eSkeptic Online. 2004-05-10 [2007-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-01）.

[2] [2]
Myers, PZ. Ann Coulter: No evidence for evolution?. Pharyngula (scienceblogs.com). 2006-06-18 [2006-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-22）.

[3] [3]
The National Science Teachers Association's position statement on the teaching of evolution.

[4] [4]
IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Joint statement issued by the national science academies of 67 countries, including the United Kingdom's Royal Society (PDF file)

[AAAS_Denounces_Anti-Evolution_Laws-5] [5]
From the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world's largest general scientific society: 2006 Statement on the Teaching of Evolution (PDF file), AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws

[factfancy-6] [6]
Fact, Fancy, and Myth on Human Evolution, Alan J. Almquist, John E. Cronin, Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jun., 1988), pp. 520–522. [2018-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-10）.

[robinson-7] [7]
Public beliefs about evolution and creation, Robinson, B. A. 1995.. [2018-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-19）.

[8] [8]
Many scientists see God's hand in evolution, Witham, Larry, Reports of the National Center for Science Education 17(6): 33, 1997. [2018-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-05）.

[pmid16670753-9] [9]
Attie AD, Sober E, Numbers RL, Amasino RM, Cox B, Berceau T, et al. Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116 (5): 1134–8. PMC 1451210 . PMID 16670753. doi:10.1172/JCI28449.

[pew-10] [10]
Pew Research Center: "Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" July 9, 2009.

[Science-Feb09-11] [11]
Curry, Andrew. Creationist Beliefs Persist in Europe. Science. 27 February 2009, 323 (5918): 1159. PMID 19251601. doi:10.1126/science.323.5918.1159."News coverage of the creationism-versus-evolution debate tends to focus on the United States ... But in the past 5 years, political clashes over the issue have also occurred in countries all across Europe. ... 'This isn't just an American problem,' says Dittmar Graf of the Technical University of Dortmund, who organized the meeting."

[Larson_2004-12] [12]
Larson, Edward J. Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution. Oxford University Press. 2003: 276. ISBN 0-19-515470-3.

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创造论与科学

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参考文献