世界体系理论

世界体系理论（英语：world-systems theory）^[1]，是由萨米尔·阿明、阿锐基、安德烈·冈德·弗兰克与伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦等人创建的后马克思主义国际关系理论及社会理论，应用于全球史和社会变迁。该理论强调将世界体系（英语：world-system）（而非民族国家）作为主要（但不是唯一的）的社会分析（英语：social analysis）单元。^[1]

20世纪后期国际贸易地位的世界地图，依照世界体系划分为核心经济（蓝）、半边陲经济（黄）和边陲经济（红）。依据Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000)绘制。

“世界体系”是指跨区域和跨国的劳动分工，它将世界分成了核心经济、半边陲经济和边陲经济。^[2]核心经济专注于高科技、资本密集型的生产，而世界的其馀部分则要进行低技术、劳动密集型生产以及原材料的开采。^[3]这一体系时刻都在强化核心国家的支配地位。^[3]然而，该体系也有动态性，部分是由于运输方式的变革，以及单个国家可能会获得/失去其核心/半边缘/边缘的地位。^[3]这种结构是由劳动分工统一起来的。它是植根于资本主义经济的世界经济。^[4]在一段时间内，某些国家成为世界霸权；在过去的几个世纪里，随着世界体系在地理上扩展、经济上强化，霸主的地位从荷兰转移到了英国，最近又转移到了美国。^[3]

缘起

世界体系理论发迹于20世纪70年代。^[1]其理论基础主要在社会学，但已发展成为非常跨学科的理论。^[2]世界体系理论试图取代现代化理论的地位，华勒斯坦对现代化理论的批判主要有以下三点：^[2]

1. 它以民族国家作为唯一的分析单元（英语：unit of analysis）
2. 它假定所有国家只有同一条发展路径
3. 它无视限制了地方和国家发展的跨国结构。

该理论有三个主要的来源：年鉴学派、马克思主义传统，以及依附理论。^[2][5]其中，年鉴学派传统（尤其是费尔南·布劳岱尔）对华勒斯坦在于将长时期的过程和将地理-生态区域作为分析单元（英语：unit of analysis）。马克思主义增加了对社会冲突（英语：social conflict）的强调，关注资本积累（英语：capital accumulation）过程和竞争性的阶级斗争，关注相关的总体，社会形态的短暂性以及矛盾冲突的辩证运动。而依附理论是一套对发展过程的新马克思主义解释。

传统马克思主义中也有对帝国主义的探讨，列宁在其名著《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》中首开其端。世界体系论中谈及的核心与边陲概念也源于列宁。

其他对世界体系理论产生影响的有卡尔·波兰尼、尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫^[6]和约瑟夫·熊彼特等学者（特别是他们对商业周期和三种基本经济组织模式概念的研究：互惠模式、再分配模式和市场模式，华勒斯坦将其重新定义为对微型系统、世界帝国和世界经济的讨论）。

华勒斯坦认为，资本主义世界经济的发展对世界上很大一部分人口是有害的。^[7]他认为，20世纪70年代以来的时期是一个“过渡时代”，它将让位于一个（或多个）未来的世界体系，其结构无法预先确定。^[8]

世界体系的主要思想家有奥利弗·考克斯（英语：Oliver Cox）、萨米尔·阿明、阿锐基、安德烈·冈德·法兰克，以及伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦，其他主要贡献者有克里斯托弗·蔡斯-邓恩（英语：Christopher Chase-Dunn）、贝弗里·西尔弗（英语：Beverly Silver）、珍妮特·阿布-卢格霍德（英语：Janet Abu Lughod）、李民骐、库尼伯特·拉弗（英语：Kunibert Raffer）等人。^[2]

内容

华勒斯坦从边陲与核心的资源分配机制入手。“核心”系指已开发的工业化地区、政治集团，“边陲”指较贫穷并以出口原物料为主的未开发或开发中国家，“半边陲”是一方面支配某些边陲国，另一方面又被技术更先进的强国支配的中小国家。透过市场机制，边陲受到中心的剥削。这是世界体系的空间划分。华勒斯坦如是说：

世界体系是一个社会体系，它有其边界、结构、成员团体、合法性规则及凝聚性。它的生命由各种相冲突的力量构成，它们以张力聚合之，又随著各团体试图为己重塑这套体系而拆解之。它具有有机体的特征，因为在其生命期中有些特征在某些方面改变了，而在另一些方面则保持稳定。人们可以按照它功能的内在逻辑，定义其结构在不同时间的强或弱。^[9]

至于时间向度，华勒斯坦定义了世界体系的四个时间特色：周期节律代表经济的短期波动，华勒斯坦基于康德拉季耶夫的长波理论，指出资本主义具有约40－50年的扩张-收缩周期，而中心、边陲与半边陲的格局也随之调整。长期趋势一如其名，代表经济成长或衰退等长期的倾向。矛盾是系统内的一般争议，通常是关于短期与长程目标之间的取舍。最后一个特色是危机，这也代表该系统的终结。

参见

• 大历史
• 依附理论 (国际政治经济学)
• 结构主义经济学
• 第三空间理论（英语：Third Space Theory）
• 第三场所（英语：Third place）
• 混杂性（英语：Hybridity）
• 后殖民主义
• 一般系统理论
• 中世纪伊斯兰教地理学和制图学（英语：Geography and cartography in medieval Islam）
• 全球化
• 国际关系理论
• 周期列表（英语：List of cycles）
• 社会周期论（英语：Social cycle theory）
• 社会控制论（英语：Sociocybernetics）
• 系统哲学（英语：Systems philosophy）
• 系统思维
• 战争周期（英语：War cycles）
• 等级理论（英语：Hierarchy theory）

参考文献

1. Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History, ed. George Modelski, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK
2. Barfield, Thomas (编). The dictionary of anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998: 498–499 [2016-03-15]. ISBN 1-57718-057-7. （原始内容存档于2021-07-26）.
3. Frank Lechner, Globalization theories: World-System Theory 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-04-29., 2001
4. Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice. World-systems analysis: An introduction. Duke University Press. 2004: 23–24.
5. Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, World Systems Theory 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-07-11., paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2018-06-19., November 2003
6. Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective. Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2014-04-29. / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel, 2012. P. 23–64.
7. Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). Historical Capitalism. London: Verso.
8. Hopkins, Terence K., and Immanuel Wallerstein, coordinators (1996). The Age of Transition. London: Zed Books.
9. Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) the Modern World-System, New York, Academic Press, pp. 347-57."a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. It has the characteristics of an organism, in that it has a life-span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others. One can define its structures as being at different times strong or weak in terms of the internal logic of its functioninɡ"

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