21世纪社会主义

21世纪社会主义（英语：Socialism of the 21st century；西班牙语：socialismo del siglo XXI）是一个社会主义流派，最初由德国社会学家、政治分析家海因茨·迪特里希（英语：Heinz Dieterich）提出，后被许多拉丁美洲左翼领导人采纳。

迪特里希在1996年提出，以马克思列宁主义形式出现的“20世纪社会主义”未能解决人类的紧迫问题，例如贫困、饥饿、劳动力剥削、经济压迫、性别歧视、种族主义、对自然资源的破坏以及缺乏真正的参与式民主^[1]。“21世纪社会主义”具有民主社会主义的成分，但主要类似于马克思主义修正主义^[2]。

主张“21世纪社会主义”的领导人包括委内瑞拉的乌戈·查韦斯、阿根廷的内斯托·基什内尔、厄瓜多尔的拉斐尔·科雷亚、玻利维亚的埃沃·莫拉莱斯和巴西的路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦^[3]。由于拉丁美洲独特的历史条件，“21世纪社会主义”与其他国家以前对社会主义的实践有很大不同，主要表现在“21世纪社会主义”倾向于实行去中心化的参与型经济模式^[2]。

理论设想

迪特里希认为，21世纪社会主义是革命性的，因为现有社会将被改变为质的不同，但此过程本身应该是渐进的和非暴力的，而不是利用民主来确保权力、教育、关于社会的科学知识和国际合作。迪特里希建议，在后资本主义文明的新现实中，可构建四个基本制度^[1]：

以马克思经济劳动价值论为基础的等价经济，由直接创造价值者民主决定，而不是市场经济原则。
多数民主利用公民投票来决定重要的社会问题。
基本的国家民主，适当保护少数人的权利。
负责任、理性和自决的公民。

批评

威权主义

批评者声称，拉丁美洲的21世纪社会主义是威权主义的幌子。像乌戈·查韦斯这样的人物的魅力和像“国家、社会主义或死亡！”这样的座右铭，令人想起过去的拉丁美洲“考迪罗”。^[4]哈佛大学史蒂文·列维茨基指出，“只有在过去的独裁统治下...总统才能终生连任”，列维茨基进一步指出，虽然拉丁美洲经历了民主，但公民反对“无限期连任”。^[5]列维茨基接著指出：“在尼加拉瓜、委内瑞拉和厄瓜多尔，连任与100年前的同样问题有关”。^[5]《华盛顿邮报》还在2014年表示：“玻利维亚的埃沃·莫拉莱斯、尼加拉瓜的丹尼尔·奥尔特加和委内瑞拉已故总统乌戈·查韦斯...使用投票箱来削弱或取消任期限制”。^[6]

2015年，《经济学人》表示，委内瑞拉的玻利瓦尔革命——在查韦斯于 2013 年去世后，现在在尼古拉斯·马杜罗的领导下——正在从威权主义转向独裁：反对派政客因密谋破坏政府而入狱，暴力事件普遍存在，反对派媒体被关闭。^[7]

经济问题

21世纪社会主义政府的经济改革的可持续性和稳定性受到质疑。拉丁美洲国家主要通过石油、天然气和矿物等采掘出口为其社会计划提供资金，这造成了一些经济学家声称已导致通货膨胀和增长放缓的依赖。^[8]委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔政府的经济政策导致了委内瑞拉的短缺、高通货膨胀率和功能失调的经济。^[9]然而，乌戈·查韦斯政府和马杜罗政府的经济政策将委内瑞拉的经济问题归咎于油价下跌、美国实施的制裁和反对派的经济破坏。^[10]

2015年，委内瑞拉的经济表现不佳——货币已经崩溃，它的通货膨胀率是世界上最高的，其GDP在2016年萎缩成经济崩溃。^[11]2017年NACLA分析指出“查韦斯时代贫困和不平等的减少是真实的，但有些肤浅...结构性贫困和不平等，例如住房质量、社区、教育和就业，基本保持不变”。^[12]

民粹主义

尽管民主社会主义知识分子欢迎21世纪社会主义，但他们对拉丁美洲的例子持怀疑态度。虽然引用了他们的进步角色，但他们认为这些政府的适当标签是民粹主义而不是社会主义。^[13]^[14] 同样，一些左翼粉红潮政府因从社会主义转向威权主义和民粹主义而受到批评。^[15]^[16]

参见

参考文献

[1]
Heinz Dieterich: Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts – Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus, Einleitung
Socialism of the 21st Century – Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction.
[2]
Burbach, Roger; Fox, Michael; Fuentes, Federico. Latin America's Turbulent Transitions. London: Zed Books. 2013. ISBN 9781848135697.
[3]
Partido dos Trabalhadores. Resoluções do 3º Congresso do PT (PDF). 3º Congresso do PT. [2020-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-07）.
[4]
Venezuela after Chávez: Now for the Reckoning. The Economist. 9 March 2013 [4 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-14）.
[5]
Does Ecuador's leader aspire to a perpetual presidency?. The Christian Science Monitor. 11 April 2014 [10 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-23）.
[6]
Miroff, Nick. Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions. The Washington Post. 15 March 2014 [10 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-16）.
[7]
A slow-motion coup. The authoritarian regime is becoming a naked dictatorship. The region must react.. The Economist. 28 February 2015 [12 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-15）.
[8]
Roth, Charles. Venezuela's Economy Under Chávez, by the Numbers. Wall Street Journal. 6 March 2013 [4 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-04）.
[9]
Venezuela toilet paper shortage an anti-Bolivarian conspiracy, gov't claims. CBS News. 16 May 2013 [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-03）.
[10]
Martin, Abby. Empire Files: Venezuela Economy Minister – Sabotage, Not Socialism, Is the Problem. Truthout. 22 June 2017 [22 June 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-27）.
[11]
Why Venezuela is the world's worst performing economy, in three charts. Quartz. 16 March 2015 [22 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-10）.
[12]
Smilde, David. Crime and Revolution in Venezuela. NACLA Report on the Americas (NACLA). 14 September 2017, 49 (3): 303–308. ISSN 1071-4839. S2CID 158528940. doi:10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956. Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.
[13]
Munck, Ronaldo. Contemporary Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 119. In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...].
[14]
Iber, Patrick. The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America. Dissent. Spring 2016 [20 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-17）. Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism.
[15]
Lopes, Arthur. ¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye. Harvard International Review. Spring 2016, 37 (3): 12–14. JSTOR i26445824. South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. [...] This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.
[16]
De Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta; Lopes, Dawisson Belém. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). January–April 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. ISSN 1982-0240. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 . The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible [...].

[Dieterich-1] [1]
Heinz Dieterich: Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts – Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus, Einleitung
Socialism of the 21st Century – Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction.

[Burbach-2] [2]
Burbach, Roger; Fox, Michael; Fuentes, Federico. Latin America's Turbulent Transitions. London: Zed Books. 2013. ISBN 9781848135697.

[PT-3] [3]
Partido dos Trabalhadores. Resoluções do 3º Congresso do PT (PDF). 3º Congresso do PT. [2020-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-07）.

[Economist-4] [4]
Venezuela after Chávez: Now for the Reckoning. The Economist. 9 March 2013 [4 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-14）.

[CSMecuador-5] [5]
Does Ecuador's leader aspire to a perpetual presidency?. The Christian Science Monitor. 11 April 2014 [10 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-23）.

[WP2014-6] [6]
Miroff, Nick. Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions. The Washington Post. 15 March 2014 [10 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-16）.

[7] [7]
A slow-motion coup. The authoritarian regime is becoming a naked dictatorship. The region must react.. The Economist. 28 February 2015 [12 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-15）.

[Roth-8] [8]
Roth, Charles. Venezuela's Economy Under Chávez, by the Numbers. Wall Street Journal. 6 March 2013 [4 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-04）.

[9] [9]
Venezuela toilet paper shortage an anti-Bolivarian conspiracy, gov't claims. CBS News. 16 May 2013 [18 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-03）.

[10] [10]
Martin, Abby. Empire Files: Venezuela Economy Minister – Sabotage, Not Socialism, Is the Problem. Truthout. 22 June 2017 [22 June 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-27）.

[11] [11]
Why Venezuela is the world's worst performing economy, in three charts. Quartz. 16 March 2015 [22 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-10）.

[NACLAcrimeREV-12] [12]
Smilde, David. Crime and Revolution in Venezuela. NACLA Report on the Americas (NACLA). 14 September 2017, 49 (3): 303–308. ISSN 1071-4839. S2CID 158528940. doi:10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956. Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.

[13] [13]
Munck, Ronaldo. Contemporary Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 119. In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...].

[14] [14]
Iber, Patrick. The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America. Dissent. Spring 2016 [20 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-17）. Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism.

[15] [15]
Lopes, Arthur. ¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye. Harvard International Review. Spring 2016, 37 (3): 12–14. JSTOR i26445824. South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. [...] This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.

[16] [16]
De Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta; Lopes, Dawisson Belém. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). January–April 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. ISSN 1982-0240. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 . The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible [...].

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