卡菲勒

卡菲勒（阿拉伯语：كافر‎，拉丁转写：kāfir；复数形式：阿拉伯语：كفّار‎，拉丁转写：kuffār），或译卡菲尔，是阿拉伯语“拒绝者”、“忘恩负义者”一词的音译。是一个用来诅咒非穆斯林，甚至是不同意自己的穆斯林的术语。是伊斯兰教用语，与穆斯林（阿拉伯语：مسلم‎，顺从者）相对立，特指对神的否认和隐昧者，即不信神者。类似于基督教用语中的异教徒。

卡菲勒指拒绝承认唯一的造物主的人和对神的旨意隐昧和违背的人：前者包括无神论者和多神教徒；后者指信仰其他一神教者（包括有经人）。但是，需要强调的是：对唯一的造物主尚无认识且不否认唯一的造物主存在的非伊斯兰教徒并不在此列，即使他是外教徒，此类人被称为蒙昧者。故一般来说，不应该任意这样称呼别人，比如说2019年，世界上最大的独立伊斯兰组织伊斯兰教士联合会在印度尼西亚发布了一项公告，敦促穆斯林不要使用卡菲勒一词来指代非穆斯林，因为这个词既令人反感，又被认为是“神学暴力”^[1]^[2]。

否认创造者存在的人可能被称为达赫里。^[3]^[4]从历史上看，尽管伊斯兰学者同意多神论者/穆什里克是卡菲勒，他们有时不同意将这个词应用于犯下严重罪行的穆斯林或《圣经》中的人民的礼节。^[5]^[6] 《古兰经》区分了穆斯特里肯和《书中的人》，保留了偶像崇拜者的前称，尽管一些古典评论员认为基督教教义是一种推卸形式。^[7]犹太人和基督徒必须付吉兹亚，但其他人，必须缴付吉兹亚、皈依伊斯兰教、流放或被杀。^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] 在有关这一时期的穆斯林入侵、奴役和掠夺的回忆录中，南亚的许多穆斯林历史学家将卡菲尔一词用于印度教徒、佛教徒、锡克教徒和耆那教徒。^[13]^[14]^[15]

[1]
印尼最大伊斯兰团体吁停止羞辱非穆斯林. 东方日报 (马来西亚). 2019-03-03 [2023-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-08）（中文（繁体））.
[2]
Winn, Patrick. The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel'. The World, Public Radio International. 8 March 2019 [15 November 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-29）.
[3]
Swartz, Merlin. A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism. Brill. 30 January 2015: 96 [16 January 2022]. ISBN 978-9004123762. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.
[4]
Goldziher, I. Dahrīya. BrillOnline Reference Works (Brill Online). 2012-04-24 [16 January 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-16）.
[5]
Charles Adams; A. Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. John L. Esposito (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009 [2022-05-08]. ISBN 9780195305135. （原始内容存档于2022-01-18）.
[6]
Björkman, W. Kāfir. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775.
[7]
SHIRK, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6965
[8]
Michael Bonner. Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始内容存档于2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
[9]
Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2003年11月6日: 53. ISBN 9780521539067.
[10]
Winter, T. J.; Williams, John A. Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family and Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. 2002年10月19日: 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.
[11]
Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. : 345.
[12]
Islam. Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021 [12 January 2022]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-10）.
[13]
Engineer, Ashghar Ali. Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach. Economic and Political Weekly. 13–19 February 1999, 37 (7): 396–400. JSTOR 4407649.
[14]
Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67
[15]
Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69, 273

[1] [1]
印尼最大伊斯兰团体吁停止羞辱非穆斯林. 东方日报 (马来西亚). 2019-03-03 [2023-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-08）（中文（繁体））.

[pri-2] [2]
Winn, Patrick. The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel'. The World, Public Radio International. 8 March 2019 [15 November 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-29）.

[3] [3]
Swartz, Merlin. A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism. Brill. 30 January 2015: 96 [16 January 2022]. ISBN 978-9004123762. （原始内容存档于2022-05-12）.

[4] [4]
Goldziher, I. Dahrīya. BrillOnline Reference Works (Brill Online). 2012-04-24 [16 January 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-16）.

[adams-5] [5]
Charles Adams; A. Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. John L. Esposito (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009 [2022-05-08]. ISBN 9780195305135. （原始内容存档于2022-01-18）.

[EI2-6] [6]
Björkman, W. Kāfir. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775.

[SHIRK-7] [7]
SHIRK, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6965

[Bon08-8] [8]
Michael Bonner. Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始内容存档于2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.

[Wai03-9] [9]
Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2003年11月6日: 53. ISBN 9780521539067.

[10] [10]
Winter, T. J.; Williams, John A. Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family and Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. 2002年10月19日: 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.

[Lapid-11] [11]
Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. : 345.

[Britannica-12] [12]
Islam. Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021 [12 January 2022]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-10）.

[HMP-13] [13]
Engineer, Ashghar Ali. Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach. Economic and Political Weekly. 13–19 February 1999, 37 (7): 396–400. JSTOR 4407649.

[14] [14]
Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67

[15] [15]
Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69, 273

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卡菲勒

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