穿孔素(英语:Perforin)是人体内一类由PRF1基因编码的蛋白质[2][3][4]。
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穿孔素是一种由细胞毒性T细胞或自然杀伤细胞分泌的细胞溶解蛋白质。它们会插入靶细胞的细胞膜中,并形成孔隙。穿孔素的MACPF域能够促使细胞溶解[5]。该域与革兰氏阳性菌的胆固醇依赖性溶细胞素有一定的同源型[1]。
穿孔素在结构上和功能上与补体成分9(C9)具有一些共同点。比如说,穿孔素可以像补体成分9那样在细胞膜上形成能够非特异性地裂解多种靶细胞的孔洞。穿孔素是促细胞溶解颗粒中的一种主要促细胞裂解蛋白,在由T细胞和天然杀伤细胞介导的细胞溶解中起关键作用[4]。它通过在细胞膜上产生孔洞,从而让钙离子大量流入细胞,使得靶细胞启动细胞膜的修复机制。上述的修复机制可让穿孔素和颗粒酶进入早期内涵体[6]。
有缺陷的PRF1等位基因纯合会导致2型噬血细胞综合症,一种罕见的致死性幼年期常染色体隐性遗传病[4]。
数据表明,穿孔素可与钙网蛋白发生蛋白质交互作用[7]。
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