致密油

致密油（英语：Tight oil）（也称为页岩油、页岩储层油或轻质致密油，简称 LTO）是在低渗透率而含油地层中的轻质原油，通常为页岩或致密砂岩^[1]。有经济效益的致密油地层生产，需要水力压裂和水平井技术，与生产页岩气相同。致密油与油页岩（富含干酪根的页岩）或页岩油（从油页岩中提取的油）常被混淆^[2]^[3]^[4]。因此，国际能源署建议使用“轻质致密油”一词来指代页岩或其他渗透率非常低的地层生产的石油，而世界能源理事会的 2013 年世界能源报告则使用“致密油”和“页岩储层油”^[5]。

致密油页岩地层是非均质的，并且在相对较短的距离内变化很大。压裂致密油藏可分为四个类型^[6]。 I 型基质的孔隙度和渗透率很小——导致裂缝主导著储存能力和流体流动路径。 II 型基质孔隙度和渗透率低，但基质提供储存能力，而裂缝提供流体流动路径。 III 型是微孔储层，基质孔隙度高，但基质渗透率低，因此在流体流动路径中诱导裂缝占主导地位。 Ⅳ类为大孔隙储层，基质孔隙度和渗透率高，基质既提供储量，又提供流道，而裂缝仅提高渗透率。

即使在同一储层，每口水平井，其采收量也可能不同，这使得对评估每口水平井的盈利能力变得困难。从致密地层开采石油需要储层孔隙空间中至少有 15% 到 20% 的天然气才能将石油驱向钻孔；仅含有石油的致密储层不能经济地生产^[7]。海相地层含有较少的粘土并且更脆，因此比陆相地层更适合水力压裂。含石英和碳酸盐多的地层也适合水力压裂^[7]。

开采的先决条件包括能够获得钻探权，这在美国和加拿大更容易，因为地下开采权利属私人所有。在美国和加拿大开采更容易，因为所需专业知识和融资均以获得，众多的独立运营的承包商都具有关键专业知识和合适钻机，收集和运输石油的基础设施，以及和用于水力压裂的水资源^[7]。

页岩油（致密油）资源的开发受到可用钻机的限制：全球 2/3 的钻机活跃于美国和加拿大，而其他地方的钻机不太可能有水平钻孔装备。钻井密度是另一个制约因素，因为致密油开发需要比常规石油更多的完井过程。这些限制将成为“欧洲不可逾越的环境障碍^[8]。

[1]
Mills, Robin M. (2008). The myth of the oil crisis: overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and global warming. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-313-36498-3.
[2]
IEA (29 May 2012). Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (PDF). OECD. p. 21.
[3]
IEA (2013). World Energy Outlook 2013. OECD. p. 424. ISBN 978-92-64-20130-9.
[4]
Reinsalu, Enno; Aarna, Indrek (2015). "About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. 32 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3176/oil.2015.4.01. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
[5]
World Energy Resources 2013 Survey (PDF). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 2.46. ISBN 9780946121298.
[6]
Allen, J.; Sun, S.Q. (2003). "Controls on Recovery Factor in Fractured Reservoirs: Lessons Learned from 100 Fractured Fields". SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi:10.2118/84590-MS.
[7]
"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
[8]
"The Shale Oil Boom: a US Phenomenon" by Leonardo Maugeri, Harvard University, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Discussion Paper 2013-05

[”Mills”-1] [1]
Mills, Robin M. (2008). The myth of the oil crisis: overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and global warming. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-313-36498-3.

[IEA”-2] [2]
IEA (29 May 2012). Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas (PDF). OECD. p. 21.

[”World”-3] [3]
IEA (2013). World Energy Outlook 2013. OECD. p. 424. ISBN 978-92-64-20130-9.

[”Reinsa”-4] [4]
Reinsalu, Enno; Aarna, Indrek (2015). "About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. 32 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3176/oil.2015.4.01. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2016-01-16.

[”Energy”-5] [5]
World Energy Resources 2013 Survey (PDF). World Energy Council. 2013. p. 2.46. ISBN 9780946121298.

[”Allen”-6] [6]
Allen, J.; Sun, S.Q. (2003). "Controls on Recovery Factor in Fractured Reservoirs: Lessons Learned from 100 Fractured Fields". SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi:10.2118/84590-MS.

[”Tech”-7] [7]
"Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). June 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

[”The”-8] [8]
"The Shale Oil Boom: a US Phenomenon" by Leonardo Maugeri, Harvard University, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Discussion Paper 2013-05

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致密油

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特征

钻探

参考文献