白额鹱

白额鹱
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鹱形目 Procellariiformes
科：	鹱科 Procellariidae
属：	猛鹱属 Calonectris
种：	白额鹱 C. leucomelas
二名法
	Calonectris leucomelas; Temminck, 1835

白额鹱（学名：Calonectris leucomelas）为鹱形目鹱科丽鹱属的鸟类，又名大水薙鸟、大灰鹱。该物种的模式产地在日本海。^[1]

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成鸟平均长度为48 cm（19英寸），翼展为122 cm（48英寸）。

描述

白额鹱属于远洋环境海鸟，主要以鱼类和鱿鱼为食。它会跟随渔船，被日本附近的鳀鱼群吸引，已知会作为网中的副渔获被捕获或在长线渔具上吞食饵料时淹死。

白额鹱在地洞中筑巢。它偏好有树林的丘陵地区。

这种鸟类数量丰富且分布广泛；然而，一些死亡是因被渔网缠住以及被猫和老鼠捕食。此外，它也被一些地方传统文化所捕猎。

在澳大利亚黄金海岸外

分布

这种鸟类是远洋环境的，但也在近岸水域出现。分布于日本、菲律宾、印度尼西亚以及澳大利亚北部的海域中以及中国各海区等地，多见于海滨一带以及繁殖于海边岩穴中。在日本和朝鲜半岛筑巢，主要在离岸岛屿。^[2]^[3]^[4]^{[note 1]}^{[note 2]} 繁殖后，白额鹱向南迁徙，在新几内亚北部、阿拉弗拉海和南中国海的海域觅食。^[2] 白额鹱也有在美国西海岸远处，^[5]跟印度南部海岸，^[6]以及来自新西兰被发现的报告。^[7]还有在怀俄明州收集到的一个标本记录。^[8]

备注

[N 1]
See figure 1 in Hart 2015，第56页 for a Korean distribution map.
[N 2]
South Korean breeding sites include Sasu Island (사수도) and Chilbal Island (칠발도) where they are threatened by rat depredation. Lee, Kyung-gyu; Yoo, Jeong-chil. Breeding Population of Streaked Shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) and the Effect of Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Predation on Sasudo Island. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 2002, 33 (2): 142–147. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.33.142 .; Nam, Ki-Baek; Lee, Kyung-Gyu; Hwang, Jae-Woong; Yoo, Jeong-Chil. Variation in Breeding Burrows of Streaked Shearwaters Breeding in Sasu Island, and Predation Rates by Norway Rats. Ocean and Polar Research. 2014, 36 (1): 49–57. doi:10.4217/OPR.2014.36.1.049 .

参考文献

[1]
中国科学院动物研究所. 白额鹱. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
[2]
Yamamoto, Takashi; et al. At-sea distribution and behavior of streaked shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) during the nonbreeding period. Auk. 2010, 127 (4): 871–881. S2CID 85046196. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.10029 .
[3]
Sugawa, Hisashi; Karino, Kiyotaka; Ohshiro, Akio; Hirai, Masashi. Long-term trends in breeding site fidelity of streaked shearwater Calonectris leucomelas (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 2014, 42: 11–15. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于6 March 2017）.
[4]
Hart, Kirk A.; et al. Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas of the Korean Peninsula: Distribution, status and potential threats. Forktail. 2015, 31: 55–63.
[5]
Herrick, Samuel F.; Hanan, Doyle A. A review of California entangling net fisheries, 1981-1986. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SWFC-108. Southwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1988.
[6]
Praveen, J. Pelagic offshore birding from Southern India 2013. Sea Swallow. 2014, 63: 46–48.
[7]
Robertson, Christopher John Rutherford; Bell, Ben D. Seabird status and conservation in the New Zealand region. Croxall, John Patrick; et al (编). Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication no. 2. Cambridge, England: International Council for Bird Preservation. 1984: 573–586. ISBN 978-0-946888-03-0.
[8]
Howell, Steve N.G.; Patteson, J. Brian; Shearwater, Debra (2012). Petrels, Albatrosses, and Storm-Petrels of North America: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-14211-4.

这是一篇鹱形目小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[5] [N 1]
See figure 1 in Hart 2015，第56页 for a Korean distribution map.

[6] [N 2]
South Korean breeding sites include Sasu Island (사수도) and Chilbal Island (칠발도) where they are threatened by rat depredation. Lee, Kyung-gyu; Yoo, Jeong-chil. Breeding Population of Streaked Shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) and the Effect of Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Predation on Sasudo Island. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 2002, 33 (2): 142–147. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.33.142 .; Nam, Ki-Baek; Lee, Kyung-Gyu; Hwang, Jae-Woong; Yoo, Jeong-Chil. Variation in Breeding Burrows of Streaked Shearwaters Breeding in Sasu Island, and Predation Rates by Norway Rats. Ocean and Polar Research. 2014, 36 (1): 49–57. doi:10.4217/OPR.2014.36.1.049 .

[id1316-1] [1]
中国科学院动物研究所. 白额鹱. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.

[Yamamoto-2] [2]
Yamamoto, Takashi; et al. At-sea distribution and behavior of streaked shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) during the nonbreeding period. Auk. 2010, 127 (4): 871–881. S2CID 85046196. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.10029 .

[Sugawa-3] [3]
Sugawa, Hisashi; Karino, Kiyotaka; Ohshiro, Akio; Hirai, Masashi. Long-term trends in breeding site fidelity of streaked shearwater Calonectris leucomelas (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 2014, 42: 11–15. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于6 March 2017）.

[Hart-4] [4]
Hart, Kirk A.; et al. Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas of the Korean Peninsula: Distribution, status and potential threats. Forktail. 2015, 31: 55–63.

[7] [5]
Herrick, Samuel F.; Hanan, Doyle A. A review of California entangling net fisheries, 1981-1986. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SWFC-108. Southwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1988.

[Indiacoast-8] [6]
Praveen, J. Pelagic offshore birding from Southern India 2013. Sea Swallow. 2014, 63: 46–48.

[9] [7]
Robertson, Christopher John Rutherford; Bell, Ben D. Seabird status and conservation in the New Zealand region. Croxall, John Patrick; et al (编). Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication no. 2. Cambridge, England: International Council for Bird Preservation. 1984: 573–586. ISBN 978-0-946888-03-0.

[10] [8]
Howell, Steve N.G.; Patteson, J. Brian; Shearwater, Debra (2012). Petrels, Albatrosses, and Storm-Petrels of North America: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-14211-4.

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