现代希伯来语

现代希伯来语（希伯来语：עִבְרִית חֲדָשָׁה‎，罗马化：ʿĪvrīt ḥadašá，发音：[ivˈʁit χadaˈʃa]），又称以色列希伯来语，是现今使用的希伯来语的标准形式。它由19世纪末及20世纪初希伯来语复兴运动发展起来，现为以色列国的法定语文，是世界上唯一仍在使用的迦南语言。^[8]

现代希伯来语
希伯来语 以色列希伯来语
עברית חדשה‬‎
现代希伯来语中的“shalom”一词，标注有元音符号
区域	南黎凡特（英语：Southern Levant）
族群	以色列犹太人、阿拉伯裔以色列人、全球犹太人
母语使用人数	9百万 （2014年）[1][2][3] 母语：5百万 第二语言：4百万
语系	亚非语系 闪米特语族 中闪米特语支 西北闪米特语支（英语：Northwest Semitic languages） 迦南诸语（英语：Canaanite languages） 希伯来语 现代希伯来语
早期形式	圣经希伯来语 米书拿希伯来语（英语：Mishnaic Hebrew） 中世纪希伯来语（英语：Medieval Hebrew） 现代希伯来语
文字	希伯来字母 希伯来盲文（英语：Hebrew Braille）
手语形式	以色列手语（英语：Israeli Sign Language）[4]
官方地位
作为官方语言	以色列
管理机构	希伯来语言学院
语言代码
ISO 639-1	he
ISO 639-2	heb
ISO 639-3	heb
Glottolog	hebr1245[5]
希伯来语世界：[6][7]   50%以上的人口说希伯来语   25%至50%的人口说希伯来语   不到25%的人口说希伯来语

希伯来语是亚非语系中西北闪族语言的一种，自古以来一直是犹太人的语言。公元前3世纪犹太人日常语言被西亚兰语（亚兰语的一种方言）所取代。然而，希伯来语仍用于犹太教礼拜仪式及犹太文学的某些流派。到了19世纪末，俄罗斯犹太语言学家艾利泽·本-耶胡达发起了一场民众运动，旨在将希伯来语复兴为活语言，在锡安主义的背景下保育希伯来文学及犹太民族的独特性。^[9][10][11]

如今，大约有900至1000万人使用希伯来语，其中包括母语人士、流利使用者及非流利使用者。^[12][13]这个数字的一半是以希伯来语为母语的以色列人，而另一半则是其他人士：150万是往以色列的移民；150万是阿拉伯裔以色列人，他们的第一语言通常是黎凡特阿拉伯语；五十万是移居海外的以色列人或散居海外的犹太人。

根据以色列法律，正式指导现代希伯来语发展的组织是希伯来语言学院，其总部位于耶路撒冷希伯来大学。

名称

该语言学术上称为“现代希伯来语”（עברית חדשה‎），通称“以色列希伯来语”（עברית ישראלית‎），简称“希伯来语”（עברית‎）。^[14]

亦有人认为“现代希伯来语”这个称法不妥^[15]，因为它暗示了圣经希伯来语的明确分期。^[16]海姆·B·罗森（法语：Haiim B. Rosén）支持改用已广泛使用的“以色列希伯来语”^[17]，因为它“代表了希伯来语的非时间顺序性质”。^[18][19]1999年，以色列语言学家诸葛漫提出了“以色列语”一词以代表该语言的多重起源。^[20]:325[21]

背景

古希伯来语作为一种口头语言在公元132至136年巴柯巴起义之后衰落，对这场起义的镇压摧毁了犹太地区的人口，使得希伯来语在公元200至400年间消亡。犹太人流亡后，希伯来语仅限于礼拜仪式使用。^[22]

字母

名称	Alef	Bet	Gimel	Dalet	He	Vav	Zayin	Chet	Tet	Yod	Kaf	Lamed	Mem	Nun	Samech	Ayin	Pe	Tzadi	Kof	Resh	Shin	Tav
正楷	א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	כ	ל	מ	נ	ס	ע	פ	צ	ק	ר	ש	ת
潦草
发音	[ʔ], ∅	[b], [v]	[g]	[d]	[h]	[v]	[z]	[x]~[χ]	[t]	[j]	[k], [x]~[χ]	[l]	[m]	[n]	[s]	[ʔ], ∅	[p], [f]	[t͡s]	[k]	[ɣ]~[ʁ]	[ʃ], [s]	[t]
转写	a,e,i,o,u,'	b, v	g	d	h	v	z	h, ch	t	y	k, kh	l	m	n	s	a,e,i,o,u,'	p, f	ts	k	r	sh, s	t

词法

现代希伯来语的词法与圣经希伯来语相差无几。^[23]

参见

• 希伯来语
• 圣经希伯来语

参考

1. Hebrew. UCLA Language Materials Project. University of California. [1 May 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 March 2011）.
2. Dekel 2014
3. Hebrew. Ethnologue. [12 July 2018]. （原始内容存档于14 May 2020）.
4. Meir & Sandler, 2013, A Language in Space: The Story of x Sign Language
5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Modern Hebrew. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
6. אוכלוסייה, לפי קבוצת אוכלוסייה, דת, גיל ומין, מחוז ונפה [Population, by Population Group, Religion, age and sex, district and sub-district] (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017 [2018-05-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-05-09） （希伯来语）.
7. The Arab Population in Israel (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. November 2002 [2018-05-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23）.
8. Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama. The Semitic Languages. Routledge. 2019: 571 [2021-02-18]. ISBN 9780429655388. （原始内容存档于2023-07-01）.
9. Mandel, George. Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922). Glenda Abramson [New ed.] London. 2005 [2023-05-10]. ISBN 0-415-29813-X. OCLC 57470923. （原始内容存档于2023-07-01）. In 1879 he wrote an article for the Hebrew press advocating Jewish immigration to Palestine. Ben-Yehuda argued that only in a country with a Jewish majority could a living Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality survive; elsewhere, the pressure to assimilate to the language of the majority would cause Hebrew to die out. Shortly afterwards he reached the conclusion that the active use of Hebrew as a literary language could not be sustained, notwithstanding the hoped-for concentration of Jews in Palestine, unless Hebrew also became the everyday spoken language there.
10. Fellman, Jack. The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. Walter de Gruyter. 19 July 2011 [2023-05-10]. ISBN 978-3-11-087910-0. OCLC 1089437441. （原始内容存档于2023-07-01）.
11. Kuzar, Ron, Hebrew and Zionism, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 2001 [2023-05-10], doi:10.1515/9783110869491.vii, （原始内容存档于2023-07-01）
12. Klein, Zeev. A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew. Israel Hayom. March 18, 2013 [2 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于4 November 2013）.
13. Nachman Gur; Behadrey Haredim. Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?. [2 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于4 November 2013）.
14. Dekel 2014; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)"
15. Matras & Schiff 2005; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century."
16. Matras & Schiff 2005; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century."
17. Matras & Schiff 2005; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century."
18. Dekel 2014; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)"
19. Haiim Rosén. Contemporary Hebrew. Walter de Gruyter. 1 January 1977: 15–18. ISBN 978-3-11-080483-6.
20. Zuckermann, G. (1999), "Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary", International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 325-346
21. Dekel 2014; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)"
22. Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel and John Elwolde: "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in which the Mishnah, Tosefta, baraitot and Tannaitic midrashim would be composed. The second stage begins with the Amoraim and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic literature."
23. R. Malatesha Joshi; P. G. Aaron (编). Handbook of Orthography and Literacy. Routledge. 2013: 343 [2015-06-20]. ISBN 9781136781353. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.

参考书目

• Choueka, Yaakov. Rav-Milim: A comprehensive dictionary of Modern Hebrew. Tel Aviv: CET. 1997. ISBN 978-965-448-323-0.
• Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze'ev. The Struggle for a Language. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language. 1992.
• Dekel, Nurit. Colloquial Israeli Hebrew: A Corpus-based Survey. De Gruyter. 2014. ISBN 978-3-11-037725-5.
• Gila Freedman Cohen; Carmia Shoval. Easing Into Modern Hebrew Grammar: A User-friendly Reference and Exercise Book. Magnes Press. 2011. ISBN 978-965-493-601-9.
• Shlomo Izreʾel; Shlomo Raz. Studies in Modern Semitic Languages. BRILL. 1996. ISBN 978-90-04-10646-8.
• Matras, Yaron; Schiff, Leora. Spoken Israeli Hebrew revisited: Structures and variation (PDF). Studia Semitica. 2005, 16: 145–193 [2023-11-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）.
• Ornan, Uzzi. The Final Word: Mechanism for Hebrew Word Generation. Hebrew Studies (Haifa University). 2003, 45: 285–287. JSTOR 27913706.
• Bergsträsser, Gotthelf. Peter T. Daniels , 编. Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches. Eisenbrauns. 1983. ISBN 978-0-931464-10-2.
• Haiim B. Rosén. A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew. University of Chicago Press. 1962. ISBN 978-0-226-72603-8.
• Stefan Weninger. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. 23 December 2011. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
• Wexler, Paul. The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1990. ISBN 978-3-447-03063-2.
• Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403917232.

外部链接

• Modern Hebrew Swadesh list
• The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew - introduction （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Tel Aviv University
• Hebrew Today – Should You Learn Modern Hebrew or Biblical Hebrew? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by David Steinberg
• Short History of the Hebrew Language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Chaim Menachem Rabin
• Academy of the Hebrew Language: How a Word is Born