环联星运转行星

环联星运转行星（circumbinary planet）是一类处于联星系统之中，并环绕两颗恒星而非其中一颗运转的行星。考虑到联星之间较近的距离和运行轨道，该类行星只能在联星相互公转的轨道之外形成。目前确定存在环联星运转行星的联星系统只有：PSR B1620-26、开普勒16b、开普勒34、开普勒35、开普勒38、开普勒47、室女座DT、室女座NY、狮子座DP、天炉座UZ、雕具座RR、宝瓶座HU、巨蛇座NN、室女座HW、NSVS 14256825^[1] 和PH1^[2]。

在搜寻系外行星的最初几年时间里，科学家普遍认为联星系统中根本不会存在行星（更不用说相互距离很近的联星）。但是，某些发现了行星的联星系统（如天鹅座16）证明了这一观点是错误的。2003年，发现了第一颗被证实存在于联星系统中的系外行星PSR B1620-26c。^[3]该行星所在的联星系统包含一颗脉冲星和一颗白矮星，两者在相距约1天文单位的轨道上相互公转。^[4]该行星被归类为脉冲星行星，目前只发现了四颗该类行星。^[5]

1999年，科学家宣称通过微引力透镜法发现了一颗环绕一对紧密联星（MACHO-1997-BLG-41）运转的行星。当时他们发现该行星的轨道距离联星系统较远，不过后来的观测发现其轨道向内收缩了。^[6]

2000年，人们又猜测在天龙座CM联星系统中存在着一颗巨行星，其公转周期在750-1050个地球日之间。虽然至今仍未确定在该联星系统中存在行星，但是科学家们断定确定该系统中存在行星只是时间问题。^[7]

2007年，科学家在HD 98800系统中发现了一个由尘埃构成的圆环，其中可能会产生新的环联星运转行星。HD 98800不是一个简单的联星系统，而是由两个相互围绕公转的联星系统构成的。其中一个子联星系统中包含了这个圆环。^[8]

2008年，科学家证实在室女座HW中存在着一颗环绕联星系统运转的行星（同样围绕该系统运转的还有一颗褐矮星）。^[9]这颗行星——室女座HWc的质量比木星还大，环绕两颗母星运转的公转周期为9年。^[10]

于2011年9月15日，天文学家公布了第一个透过凌发现的环联星运转行星。^[11]^[12]该行星即为距地球200光年的天鹅座内的开普勒16b。天文学家们相信开普勒16b是一个充满岩石和气体的冰封世界，质量与土星相若。开普勒16b所环绕的联星亦围绕着质心公转，其中一个的大小约为2/3个太阳，而另一个的大小则为1/5个太阳。^[13]

已确认

More information 恒星系统, 行星 ...

恒星系统	行星	质量下限（木星质量）	半长轴（天文单位）	轨道周期（年）	发现年份	参考
PSR B1620-26	b	2.5	23	100	2003	^[14]
HD 202206	c	2.44	2.55	3.79	2005	^[6]
狮子座DP	b	6.28 ± 0.58	8.6	23.8	2009	^[15]
巨蛇座NN	c	6.91 ± 0.54	5.38 ± 0.20	15.50 ± 0.45	2010	^[16]
巨蛇座NN	d	2.28 ± 0.38	3.39 ± 0.10	7.75 ± 0.35	2010	^[17]
室女座DT	c	8.5 ± 2.5	1168	33081	2010	^[18]
开普勒16	b	0.333 ± 0.016	0.7048 ± 0.0011	0.6266 ± 0.0001	2011	^[19]
室女座NY	b	2.3 ± 0.3	3.3	7.9	2011	^[20]
雕具座RR	b	4.2 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.6	11.9	2012	^[21]
开普勒34	b	0.220 ± 0.0011	1.0896 ± 0.0009	0.7908 ± 0.0002	2012	^[22]
开普勒35	b	0.127 ± 0.02	0.603 ± 0.001	0.3600 ± 0.1	2012	^[22]
开普勒38	b	0.38	0.4644 ± 0.0082	0.289	2012	^[23]
开普勒47	b	未知	0.2956 ± 0.0047	0.136	2012	^[24]
开普勒47	c	未知	0.989 ± 0.016	0.83	2012	^[24]
开普勒64	PH1	0.11 ± 0.3	0.634 ± 0.011	0.379	2012	^[25]
ROXs 42B	b	10±4	140		2013
金牛座FW	b	10±4	330		2013
开普勒413	b	0.21	0.3553	0.181	2014	^[26]

Close

未经证实

More information 恒星系统, 行星 ...

恒星系统	行星	质量下限（木星质量）	半长轴（天文单位）	轨道周期（年）	发现年份	参考
MACHO-1997-BLG-41	MACHO-1997-BLG-41 b	~3	~7	?	1999	^[27]

Close

日本漫画《枪神Trigun》中的行星
美国电影系列《星球大战》中的塔图因
美国电视剧《异世奇人》中的加利弗雷（英语：Gallifrey）
小说《三体》中的行星
游戏系列《星际火狐》中的行星
电影版《星河战队》中的虫族母星：克伦达苏

[1]
Megan L. A. Almeida, F. Jablonski and C. V. Rodrigues. circumbinary planets: Two circumbinary planets in the eclipsing post-common envelope system NSVS 14256825. 2012. arXiv:1210.3055 .
[2]
Megan E. Schwamb, Jerome A. Orosz, Joshua A. Carter, William F. Welsh, Debra A. Fischer, Guillermo Torres, Andrew W. Howard, Justin R. Crepp, William C. Keel, Chris J. Lintott, Nathan A. Kaib, Dirk Terrell, Robert Gagliano, Kian J. Jek, Michael Parrish, Arfon M. Smith, Stuart Lynn, Robert J. Simpson, Matthew J. Giguere, Kevin Schawinski. Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System. 2012. arXiv:1210.3612 . doi:10.1086/319061.
[3]
Thorsett, S. E.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Taylor, J. H. PSR B1620-26 - A binary radio pulsar with a planetary companion?. Astrophysical Journal Part 2. Letters. 1993, 412 (1): L33–L36. Bibcode:1993ApJ...412L..33T. doi:10.1086/186933.
[4]
Sigurðsson, Steinn; Richer, Harvey B.; Hansen, Brad M.; Stairs, Ingrid H.; Thorsett, Stephen E. A Young White Dwarf Companion to Pulsar B1620-26: Evidence for Early Planet Formation. Science. 2003, 301 (5630): 193–196. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..193S. PMID 12855802. arXiv:astro-ph/0307339 . doi:10.1126/science.1086326.
[5]
Backer, D.C. A pulsar timing tutorial and NRAO Green Bank observations of PSR 1257+12. Planets around Pulsars. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology: 11–18. 1993. Bibcode:1993ASPC...36...11B.
[6]
Correia, A. C. M.; Udry, S.; Mayor, M.; Laskar, J.; Naef, D.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C. The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A pair of planets around HD 202206 or a circumbinary planet?. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2005, 440 (2): 751–758. Bibcode:2005A&A...440..751C. arXiv:astro-ph/0411512 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042376.
[7]
Couetdic, J.; Laskar, J.; Correia, A. C. M.; Mayor, M.; Udry, S. Dynamical stability analysis of the HD 202206 system and constraints to the planetary orbits. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2010, 519 (A10): 14. Bibcode:2010A&A...519A..10C. arXiv:astro-ph/0911.1963  请检查|arxiv=值 (帮助). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913635.
[8]
Nelson, Richard P. On the evolution of giant protoplanets forming in circumbinary discs. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2003, 345 (1): 233–242. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345..233N. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06929.x.
[9]
Definition of a "Planet". Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union. [2009-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-10）.
[10]
Lee, Jae Woo; Kim, Seung-Lee; Kim, Chun-Hwey; Koch, Robert H.; Lee, Chung-Uk; Kim, Ho-Il; Park, Jang-Ho. The sdB+M Eclipsing System HW Virginis and its Circumbinary Planets. The Astronomical Journal. 2009, 137 (2): 3181–3190. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3181L. arXiv:0811.3807 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3181.
[11]
Doyle, Laurance, et al. Science, 16 September 2011.
[12]
"Kepler uncovers planet orbiting two stars", Astronomy, January 2012, p. 23.
[13]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star Kepler-16 (AB). Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [23 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-05）.
[14]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star PSR B1620-26. Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [26 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-13）.
[15]
Schwope, A. D.; et al. A multiwavelength timing analysis of the eclipsing polar DP Leo. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2002, 392 (2): 541–551 [2013-11-30]. Bibcode:2002A&A...392..541S. arXiv:astro-ph/0111457 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011651. （原始内容存档于2018-01-14）.
[16]
Parsons; et al. Orbital Period Variations in Eclipsing Post Common Envelope Binaries. 2010. arXiv:1005.3958 .
[17]
Schneider, J. Notes for star NN Ser. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. [2010-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-15）.
[18]
Schneider, J. Notes for Ross 458(AB). The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. （原始内容存档于2012-06-09）.
[19]
Laurance R. Doyle; et al. Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet. [2013-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-07）.
[20]
S.-B. Qian, L.-Y. Zhu, Z.-B. Dai, E. Fernández Lajús, F.-Y. Xiang, J.-J. He. Kepler-16: Circumbinary Planets Orbiting the Rapidly Pulsating Subdwarf B-type binary NY Vir. [2013-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-18）.
[21]
QIAN S.-B., LIU L., ZHU L.-Y., DAI Z.-B., FERNANDEZ LAJUS E. & BAUME G. MNRAS, 422, 24. Kepler-16: A Circumbinary Planet in Orbit Around the Short-Period White-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary RR Cae. [2013-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-07）.
[22]
Welsh, William F.; et al. Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b. Nature. 2012 [18 January 2012]. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..475W. arXiv:1204.3955 . doi:10.1038/nature10768.
[23]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., BRUGMYER E., BUCHHAVE L. & 27 additional authors. ApJ, 758, 87. The Neptune-Sized Circumbinary Planet Kepler-38b. 2012. Bibcode:2012ApJ...758...87O. arXiv:1208.3712 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/87.
[24]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., FABRYCKY D., COCHRAN W. & 35 additional authors. Science, 337, 1511. Kepler-47: A Transiting Circumbinary Multi-Planet System. 2012. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1511O. arXiv:1208.5489 . doi:10.1126/science.1228380.
[25]
Voice of America, "Citizen Astronomers Discover Planet with Four Suns" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 16 October 2012
[26]
Kepler-413b: a slightly misaligned, Neptune-size transiting circumbinary planet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Veselin B. Kostov, Peter R. McCullough, Joshua A. Carter, Magali Deleuil, Rodrigo F. Diaz, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Guillaume Hebrard, Tobias C. Hinse, Tsevi Mazeh, Jerome A. Orosz, Zlatan I. Tsvetanov, William F. Welsh
[27]
macho 1997-blg-41 - SIMBAD

Planets in Binary Star Systems, Nader Haghighipour, Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-90-481-8686-0

NASA Telescope Discovers Its First Planet Orbiting Two Stars （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
How Circumbinary Planets Form （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] [1]
Megan L. A. Almeida, F. Jablonski and C. V. Rodrigues. circumbinary planets: Two circumbinary planets in the eclipsing post-common envelope system NSVS 14256825. 2012. arXiv:1210.3055 .

[2] [2]
Megan E. Schwamb, Jerome A. Orosz, Joshua A. Carter, William F. Welsh, Debra A. Fischer, Guillermo Torres, Andrew W. Howard, Justin R. Crepp, William C. Keel, Chris J. Lintott, Nathan A. Kaib, Dirk Terrell, Robert Gagliano, Kian J. Jek, Michael Parrish, Arfon M. Smith, Stuart Lynn, Robert J. Simpson, Matthew J. Giguere, Kevin Schawinski. Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System. 2012. arXiv:1210.3612 . doi:10.1086/319061.

[3] [3]
Thorsett, S. E.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Taylor, J. H. PSR B1620-26 - A binary radio pulsar with a planetary companion?. Astrophysical Journal Part 2. Letters. 1993, 412 (1): L33–L36. Bibcode:1993ApJ...412L..33T. doi:10.1086/186933.

[4] [4]
Sigurðsson, Steinn; Richer, Harvey B.; Hansen, Brad M.; Stairs, Ingrid H.; Thorsett, Stephen E. A Young White Dwarf Companion to Pulsar B1620-26: Evidence for Early Planet Formation. Science. 2003, 301 (5630): 193–196. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..193S. PMID 12855802. arXiv:astro-ph/0307339 . doi:10.1126/science.1086326.

[5] [5]
Backer, D.C. A pulsar timing tutorial and NRAO Green Bank observations of PSR 1257+12. Planets around Pulsars. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology: 11–18. 1993. Bibcode:1993ASPC...36...11B.

[Correia-6] [6]
Correia, A. C. M.; Udry, S.; Mayor, M.; Laskar, J.; Naef, D.; Pepe, F.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C. The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A pair of planets around HD 202206 or a circumbinary planet?. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2005, 440 (2): 751–758. Bibcode:2005A&A...440..751C. arXiv:astro-ph/0411512 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042376.

[7] [7]
Couetdic, J.; Laskar, J.; Correia, A. C. M.; Mayor, M.; Udry, S. Dynamical stability analysis of the HD 202206 system and constraints to the planetary orbits. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2010, 519 (A10): 14. Bibcode:2010A&A...519A..10C. arXiv:astro-ph/0911.1963  请检查|arxiv=值 (帮助). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913635.

[8] [8]
Nelson, Richard P. On the evolution of giant protoplanets forming in circumbinary discs. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2003, 345 (1): 233–242. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345..233N. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06929.x.

[9] [9]
Definition of a "Planet". Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union. [2009-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-10）.

[10] [10]
Lee, Jae Woo; Kim, Seung-Lee; Kim, Chun-Hwey; Koch, Robert H.; Lee, Chung-Uk; Kim, Ho-Il; Park, Jang-Ho. The sdB+M Eclipsing System HW Virginis and its Circumbinary Planets. The Astronomical Journal. 2009, 137 (2): 3181–3190. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3181L. arXiv:0811.3807 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3181.

[11] [11]
Doyle, Laurance, et al. Science, 16 September 2011.

[12] [12]
"Kepler uncovers planet orbiting two stars", Astronomy, January 2012, p. 23.

[EPEstar-13] [13]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star Kepler-16 (AB). Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [23 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-05）.

[EPEstar2-14] [14]
Jean Schneider. Notes for star PSR B1620-26. Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 2011 [26 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-13）.

[Schwope2002-15] [15]
Schwope, A. D.; et al. A multiwavelength timing analysis of the eclipsing polar DP Leo. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2002, 392 (2): 541–551 [2013-11-30]. Bibcode:2002A&A...392..541S. arXiv:astro-ph/0111457 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011651. （原始内容存档于2018-01-14）.

[Parsons2-16] [16]
Parsons; et al. Orbital Period Variations in Eclipsing Post Common Envelope Binaries. 2010. arXiv:1005.3958 .

[Exoplanet-17] [17]
Schneider, J. Notes for star NN Ser. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. [2010-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-15）.

[18] [18]
Schneider, J. Notes for Ross 458(AB). The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. （原始内容存档于2012-06-09）.

[Kepler-16b-19] [19]
Laurance R. Doyle; et al. Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet. [2013-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-07）.

[NY_Virginis-20] [20]
S.-B. Qian, L.-Y. Zhu, Z.-B. Dai, E. Fernández Lajús, F.-Y. Xiang, J.-J. He. Kepler-16: Circumbinary Planets Orbiting the Rapidly Pulsating Subdwarf B-type binary NY Vir. [2013-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-18）.

[RR_Caelum_b-21] [21]
QIAN S.-B., LIU L., ZHU L.-Y., DAI Z.-B., FERNANDEZ LAJUS E. & BAUME G. MNRAS, 422, 24. Kepler-16: A Circumbinary Planet in Orbit Around the Short-Period White-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary RR Cae. [2013-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-07）.

[Welsh-22] [22]
Welsh, William F.; et al. Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b. Nature. 2012 [18 January 2012]. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..475W. arXiv:1204.3955 . doi:10.1038/nature10768.

[23] [23]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., BRUGMYER E., BUCHHAVE L. & 27 additional authors. ApJ, 758, 87. The Neptune-Sized Circumbinary Planet Kepler-38b. 2012. Bibcode:2012ApJ...758...87O. arXiv:1208.3712 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/87.

[OROSZ_J.,_WELSH_W.,_CARTER_J.,_FABRYCKY_D.,_COCHRAN_W._&_35_additional_authors_Science,_337,_1511_2012-24] [24]
OROSZ J., WELSH W., CARTER J., FABRYCKY D., COCHRAN W. & 35 additional authors. Science, 337, 1511. Kepler-47: A Transiting Circumbinary Multi-Planet System. 2012. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1511O. arXiv:1208.5489 . doi:10.1126/science.1228380.

[VOA-25] [25]
Voice of America, "Citizen Astronomers Discover Planet with Four Suns" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 16 October 2012

[26] [26]
Kepler-413b: a slightly misaligned, Neptune-size transiting circumbinary planet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Veselin B. Kostov, Peter R. McCullough, Joshua A. Carter, Magali Deleuil, Rodrigo F. Diaz, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Guillaume Hebrard, Tobias C. Hinse, Tsevi Mazeh, Jerome A. Orosz, Zlatan I. Tsvetanov, William F. Welsh

[27] [27]
macho 1997-blg-41 - SIMBAD

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

已确认

未经证实

Wikiwand in your browser!

环联星运转行星

已确认

未经证实

Wikiwand in your browser!

发现

已被发现的环联星运转行星

科幻作品中的环联星运转行星

参考资料

延伸阅读

外部链接