焦点 (语言学)

焦点（缩写为：foc）是一种语法的类别，用于确定句子的哪一部分能够提供新的、不可推导的或对比的信息。^[1]焦点与信息结构（英语：Information structure）有关。对比焦点尤其是指与对话者 (语言学)（英语：對話者）的前提相反之信息编码。^[2][3][4]

相关词条包括评论以及述位(Rheme)。^[4][5][6]

参见

• 主题与评论
• 话题优先语言
• c-command

注释

1. Halliday, M., Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English (Part 2), Journal of Linguistics 3.: 206, 1967
2. Givon, Talmy, Syntax: An Introduction Vol. II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2001
3. Lambrecht, Knud, Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topic, Focus, and the Mental Representation of Discourse Referents, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
4. Camacho, José; Rodrigo Gutiérrez-Bravo; Liliana Sánchez, Information Structure in the Languages of the Americas: Syntactic Approaches, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2010
5. Bates, Elizabeth; Brian MacWhinney, Dirven, Rene; V. Fried , 编, A functionalist approach to the acquisition of grammar, Functionalism in Linguistics (Amersterdam: John Benjamins), 1987: 209–264.
6. Mel’čuk, Igor A., Communicative Organization in Natural Language: The Semantic-Communicative Structure of Sentences, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001

参考文献

• Cinque, Guglielmo (1993). 'A null theory of phrase and compound stress'. Linguistic Inquiry 24:239-267.
• Neeleman, Ad and Tanya Reinhart (1998). 'Scrambling and the PF-Interface'. In The Projection of Arguments, CSLI Publications, 309-353.
• Ocampo, Francisco (2003). On the notion of focus in spoken Spanish: An empirical approach. In Theory, Practice, and Acquisition, ed. by Paula Kempchinsky and Carlos-Eduardo Pineros. Sommerville: Cascadilla Press, 207-226.
• Pereltsvaig, Asya (2002). 'Topic and focus as linear notions: evidence from Russian and Italian'. Proceedings of the Conference on the Interaction between Syntax and Pragmatics at UCL.
• Szendrői, Kriszta (2004). 'Focus and the interaction between syntax and pragmatics'. Lingua 114(3), 229-254.
• Xu, Y., C. X. Xu and X. Sun (2004). 'On the temporal domain of focus'. In Proceedings of International Conference on Speech Prosody 2004, Nara, Japan: 81-84.