棉花属(学名:Gossypium),或作棉属,是被子植物锦葵科棉族之下的一个属,日常生活所用的棉花皆为本属植物种䇲内的纤维。本属物种是旧大陆和新大陆上热带及亚热带地区的原生物种。现时整个属包括有约50个物种[3],使之成为棉族之下物种多元化最高的属。估计未来仍有可能发现新的物种[3]。
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日常生活所用的棉花主要由四个栽培棉种组成,即亚洲棉、非洲棉、大陆棉(又叫细绒棉)、海岛棉(又叫长绒棉)。
本属共有约54个受承认的物种:
- Gossypium anapoides J.M.Stewart, Craven, Brubaker & Wendel
- 异常棉 Gossypium anomalum Wawra & Peyr.
- 树棉 Gossypium arboreum L.
- Gossypium areysianum Deflers
- Gossypium aridum (Rose & Standl.) Skovst.
- 澳洲棉 Gossypium australe F.Muell.
- 海岛棉 Gossypium barbadense L.
- 比克氏棉 Gossypium bickii (F.M.Bailey) Prokh.
- Gossypium bricchettii (Ulbr.) Vollesen
- Gossypium californicum Mauer
- Gossypium contextum O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium costulatum Tod.
- Gossypium cunninghamii Tod.
- Gossypium darwinii G.Watt
- Gossypium dicladum O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium ekmanianum Wittm.
- Gossypium enthyle Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium exiguum Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium gossypioides (Ulbr.) Standl.
- Gossypium harknessii Brandegee
- 草棉 Gossypium herbaceum L.
- 陆地棉 Gossypium hirsutum L.
- Gossypium hypadenum O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium incanum (O.Schwartz) Hillc.
- 依勒内氏棉 Gossypium irenaeum Lewton
- 克劳茨基棉 Gossypium klotzschianum Andersson
- 松散棉 Gossypium laxum L.Ll.Phillips
- 裂片棉 Gossypium lobatum Gentry
- Gossypium londonderriense Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- 长萼棉 Gossypium longicalyx J.B.Hutch. & B.J.S.Lee
- Gossypium marchantii Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium morrilli O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- 黄褐棉 Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex G.Watt
- Gossypium nelsonii Fryxell
- Gossypium nobile Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium patens O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium pilosum Fryxell
- Gossypium populifolium (Benth.) F.Muell. ex Tod.
- Gossypium pulchellum (C.A.Gardner) Fryxell
- 雷蒙德氏棉 Gossypium raimondii Ulbr.
- Gossypium robinsonii F.Muell.
- Gossypium rotundifolium Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium schwendimanii Fryxell & S.D.Koch
- 索马里棉 Gossypium somalense (Gürke) J.B.Hutch., Silow & S.G.Stephens
- Gossypium stephensii J.P.Gallagher, C.E.Grover & Wendel
- Gossypium stocksii Mast.
- Gossypium sturtianum (R.Br.) J.H.Willis
- 瑟伯氏棉 Gossypium thurberi Tod.
- 毛棉 Gossypium timorense Prokh.
- Gossypium trifurcatum Vollesen
- Gossypium trilobum (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Skovst.
- 三叶棉 Gossypium triphyllum (Haw.) Hochr.
- Gossypium turneri Fryxell
- Gossypium vollesenii Fryxell
中国植棉大约有2000年的历史。但到1950年代末,陆地棉成为主要品种,其次是长绒棉。长绒棉纤维较长,从前苏联引进,所以在新疆一些地区有一定产量。中国是世界第一大产棉国,其次是美国,第三是乌兹别克斯坦。
Genus: Gossypium L. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-12 [2011-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-17).
Gossypium L.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. [2019-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-13).
Jonathan F. Wendel, Curt Brubaker, Ines Alvarez, Richard Cronn and James McD. Stewart. 2009. Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus. In Andrew H. Paterson (Ed.). Genetics and Genomics of Cotton. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, 2009, Volume 3, 3–22.