情动

情动（法语：L'affect；拉丁语：affectus/adfectus），是斯宾诺莎哲学中的概念，由伯格森、德勒兹和瓜塔里进一步阐述，强调身体或具体体验。情动这个词在心理学和其他领域具有不同的含义。

斯宾诺莎《伦理学》中，情动，是与感觉和情绪相关的精神身体状态，有三种主要类型：快乐或欢愉（ laetitia )^[1]、疼痛或悲伤 (tristitia )^[1]，以及欲望或食欲 (cupiditas ) 。^[2] 德勒兹、瓜塔里和英译者布赖恩·马苏米（Brian Massumi）在哲学上的应用，虽然源自斯宾诺莎，但比斯宾诺莎更清晰地区分情动和传统上所谓的情绪。情动，十分费解，正如斯宾诺莎所说，“心灵的情动或激情（animi pathema）是团混乱的想法”，只能通过其引起生命力增减来感知。 ^[3] “情动”一概念是人文学科中“情动转向”（英语：affective turn）的核心。

斯宾诺莎

斯宾诺莎的《伦理学》第3部〈定义3〉中，术语“情动”（ affectus） ^[4]是一个身体（包括心灵）通过与另一个身体相互作用而产生的修改或变化，增加或减少身体的活动能力（potia agendi）：

通过情动，我理解身体的情动，身体的行动能力通过情动而增加或减少、帮助或限制，同时也理解这些情动的观念。 ^[5]

因此，情动是更中性的术语“情感”（affectio）的特例，是事物“采取”的某种形式^[6]，身体与世界或自然的关系的模式、状态或质量（或无限的“物质”）。在第三部“情动的定义”中，斯宾诺莎定义了48种不同形式的情动，包括爱与恨、希望与恐惧、嫉妒与同情。这些情动基于以下三种基本情动：

欲望（cupiditas ）或食欲（appetitus ）：是“人的本质，因为他的本质被认为是由任何给定的自身情动所决定的任何行动”； ^[7]
快乐（laetitia ）：是“人从不太完美的状态到更完美的状态的过渡”； ^[7]
痛苦或悲伤（tristitia）：是“人从较完美的状态到较不完美的状态的过渡”。 ^[7]

斯宾诺莎眼中，既然上帝的动力是无限的，任何增加有机体活动力的情动都会带来更大的完美。情动是过渡状态或模式，因为情动是种生命力而有机体用以殚力对抗作用于自己的其他力量，或抵抗它，或控制它。 ^[8]

柏格森

柏格森在《物质与记忆》（ Matière et mémoire，1896）中主张，我们不仅通过知觉“从外部”了解我们的身体，而且还通过情动（法语：affections）“从内部”了解我们的身体。 ^[9]

德勒兹和瓜塔里

情动，主要在德勒兹和瓜塔里的《千高原》第2卷〈资本主义与精神分裂症〉中阐述。英译者布赖恩·马苏米（Brian Massumi）在术语的注释中给出了以下定义：

影响/感情。这两个词都不表示个人感情（德勒兹和瓜塔里的情感）。 L'affect （斯宾诺莎的affectus ）是一种影响和被影响的能力。它是一种前个人强度，对应于身体从一种体验状态到另一种体验状态的转变，并意味着该身体行动能力的增强或减弱。 L'affection （斯宾诺莎的affectio ）是被认为是受影响的身体和第二个影响身体（身体在其最广泛的可能意义上包括“精神”或理想的身体）之间的相遇的每一种状态。 ^[10]

根据德勒兹，情动不是单纯的感情，而独立于主体。在德勒兹看来，艺术家创造情动和感知，即“时空块”（英语：blocks of space-time）；科学则与功能一起作功；而哲学则创造概念。

参考

注脚

[1]
Part III, Proposition 56. Spinoza, Benedictus de. Ethics. Trans. by W.H. White and A.H. Stirling. London: Wordsworth Editions. 2001: 141 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84022-119-0.
[2]
"In truth I cannot recognize any difference between human appetite and desire". Spinoza, Benedictus de. Ethics [heading= Affect. Trans. by W.H. White and A.H. Stirling. London: Wordsworth Editions. 2001: 146 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84022-119-0.
[3]
Existendi vis or power of existence. Spinoza, Benedictus de. Ethics. Trans. by W.H. White and A.H. Stirling. London: Wordsworth Editions. 2001: 158 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84022-119-0.
[4]
Of the two "standard" English translations, the version by Samuel Shirley uses "emotion" for affectus, whereas the more recent rendering by Edwin Curley uses "affect". Spinoza, Benedictus de. Complete Works. Trans. by Samuel Shirley. Indianopolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing. 2002: 278 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87220-620-5. Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 154 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.
[5]
Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 154 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.
[6]
Samuel Shirley, "Translator's Preface". Spinoza, Benedictus de. The Ethics; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect; Selected Letters. Trans. by Samuel Shirley. Hackett Publishing. 1992: 24 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87220-130-9.
[7]
Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 311 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.
[8]
Kisner, Matthew J. Spinoza on Human Freedom: Reason, Autonomy and the Good Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011: 20 [28 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-521-19888-2.
[9]
Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory (1896), ch. 1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
[10]
Deleuze, Gilles; Guattari, Félix. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2. Trans. and foreword by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. 1987: xvi [1980]. ISBN 978-0-8166-1401-1. OCLC 16472336.

文献

Deleuze, Gilles. 1983. Cinema 1: The Movement Image. Trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. London and New York: Continuum, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-7705-4 ISBN 0-8264-7705-4.
Deleuze, Gilles; Guattari, Félix. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2. Trans. and foreword by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. 1987: xvi [1980]. ISBN 978-0-8166-1401-1. OCLC 16472336.
Massumi, Brian. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 2002 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8223-2897-1.
Seyfert, Robert. Beyond Personal Feelings and Collective Emotions: A Theory of Social Affect. Theory, Culture & Society. 2012, 29 (6): 27–46 [2023-08-15]. S2CID 143590063. doi:10.1177/0263276412438591. （原始内容存档于2022-08-15）.
Spinoza, Benedictus de. Complete Works. Trans. by Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing. 2002: 278 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87220-620-5.
Skoggard, I. and Waterston, A. (2015), "Introduction: Toward an Anthropology of Affect and Evocative Ethnography." Anthropol Conscious, 26: 109–120. doi:10.1111/anoc.12041
Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 154 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.
Thrift, Nigel J. Non-representational Theory: Space, Politics, Affect. London: Routledge. 2007 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-415-39320-1.
庄士弘. Affect 情感素、情動、動情. 英文文学与文化教学数据库. 2010-07 [2023-08-15].

参见

[Spinoza2001a-1] [1]
Part III, Proposition 56. Spinoza, Benedictus de. Ethics. Trans. by W.H. White and A.H. Stirling. London: Wordsworth Editions. 2001: 141 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84022-119-0.

[Spinoza2001b-2] [2]
"In truth I cannot recognize any difference between human appetite and desire". Spinoza, Benedictus de. Ethics [heading= Affect. Trans. by W.H. White and A.H. Stirling. London: Wordsworth Editions. 2001: 146 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84022-119-0.

[Spinoza2001c-3] [3]
Existendi vis or power of existence. Spinoza, Benedictus de. Ethics. Trans. by W.H. White and A.H. Stirling. London: Wordsworth Editions. 2001: 158 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84022-119-0.

[4] [4]
Of the two "standard" English translations, the version by Samuel Shirley uses "emotion" for affectus, whereas the more recent rendering by Edwin Curley uses "affect". Spinoza, Benedictus de. Complete Works. Trans. by Samuel Shirley. Indianopolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing. 2002: 278 [1677] [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87220-620-5. Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 154 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.

[5] [5]
Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 154 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.

[SpinozaShirley1992-6] [6]
Samuel Shirley, "Translator's Preface". Spinoza, Benedictus de. The Ethics; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect; Selected Letters. Trans. by Samuel Shirley. Hackett Publishing. 1992: 24 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87220-130-9.

[SpinozaCurley1994b-7] [7]
Spinoza, Benedictus de. A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works. Trans. by Edwin M. Curley. Princeton and Chichester: Princeton University Press. 1994: 311 [27 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1.

[Kisner2011-8] [8]
Kisner, Matthew J. Spinoza on Human Freedom: Reason, Autonomy and the Good Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011: 20 [28 November 2011]. ISBN 978-0-521-19888-2.

[9] [9]
Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory (1896), ch. 1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[DeleuzeGuattari1987-10] [10]
Deleuze, Gilles; Guattari, Félix. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2. Trans. and foreword by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. 1987: xvi [1980]. ISBN 978-0-8166-1401-1. OCLC 16472336.

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