失败超新星

失败超新星（Failed supernova）是时域天文学中的一种瞬变天文事件，是指大质量恒星死亡时亮度突然上升至相当于超新星的早期阶段，但最终不会上升至相当于超新星的极大光通量阶段的事件。失败超新星可被认为是假超新星的一个次类型。有时本现象会被误称为unnovae^[1]。

概要

失败超新星被认为是红超巨星在超新星的早期阶段塌缩形成恒星黑洞的现象。当恒星的辐射能无法抵抗重力塌缩时，恒星的核心就会完全收缩形成恒星黑洞，并且吸收新生超新星的大量物质与能量，使恒星无法发生大规模爆炸。对于距离遥远的观测者而言，该红超巨星似乎是在很小规模或不发生爆发的情形下突然出现。观测到的这些超新星失踪事件似乎与质量超过17倍太阳质量的超巨星相关。

失败超新星在理论上被认为是极高质量恒星形成黑洞的几个代表性天文现象之一，其他现象包含极超新星和长时间伽玛射线暴。

结构与过程

理论上来说，红超巨星可能会因为质量过高而无法爆炸成为超新星，而是直接塌缩形成黑洞并且不会发出明亮光辐射。不过，此现象可能会突然产生重力波。这个过程会在大质量红超巨星发生，可解释对此类超新星和其前身星观测资料缺乏的原因^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]。

失败超新星候选天体列表

More information 事件, 日期 ...

事件	日期	位置	备注
NGC3021-CANDIDATE-1		NGC 3021 09^h 50^m 55.39^s +33° 33′ 14.5″	哈伯太空望远镜历史观测资料中，质量约为25-30 M_☉的F8型超巨星的消失	^[2]^[6]
N6946-BH1	2009年3月	NGC 6946 20^h 35^m 27.56^s +60° 08′ 08.2″	质量18-25M_☉红超巨星的消失	^[2]^[7]^[5]

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参考资料

[1]
Woosley, S. E.; Heger, Alexander. Long Gamma-Ray Transients from Collapsars. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012, 752: 32. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...32W. arXiv:1110.3842 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/32.
[2]
Lee Billings. Gone Without A Bang. Scientific American. November 2015, 313 (5): 26–27. Bibcode:2015SciAm.313e..26B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1115-26b.
[3]
Jon Voisey. Finding the Failed Supernovae. Universe Today. 2 April 2011 [2018-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-01）.
[4]
Colin Robson. Failed Supernovae. From Quarks to Quasars. 20 January 2014 [2018-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-12）.
[5]
Eugene Myers. This star was so massive it ate itself before it could go supernova. Astronomy Magazine. 27 September 2016 [2018-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-12）. 参数|journal=与模板{{cite magazine}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite journal}}或|magazine=） (帮助)
[6]
Gone without a bang: An archival HST survey for disappearing massive stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 July 2015, 453 (3): 2885–2900 (November 2015). Bibcode:2015MNRAS.453.2885R. arXiv:1507.05823 . doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1809.
[7]
Gerke, J. R.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z. The Search for Failed Supernovae with The Large Binocular Telescope: First Candidates. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 6 November 2014, 450 (3): 3289–3305 (July 2015). Bibcode:2015MNRAS.450.3289G. arXiv:1411.1761 . doi:10.1093/mnras/stv776.

外部链接

[woosley-1] [1]
Woosley, S. E.; Heger, Alexander. Long Gamma-Ray Transients from Collapsars. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012, 752: 32. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752...32W. arXiv:1110.3842 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/32.

[SciAm-2015-11-2] [2]
Lee Billings. Gone Without A Bang. Scientific American. November 2015, 313 (5): 26–27. Bibcode:2015SciAm.313e..26B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1115-26b.

[UT-2011-04-02-3] [3]
Jon Voisey. Finding the Failed Supernovae. Universe Today. 2 April 2011 [2018-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-01）.

[quark2QSR-2014-01-20-4] [4]
Colin Robson. Failed Supernovae. From Quarks to Quasars. 20 January 2014 [2018-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-12）.

[AstronomyMagazine-2016-09-27-5] [5]
Eugene Myers. This star was so massive it ate itself before it could go supernova. Astronomy Magazine. 27 September 2016 [2018-05-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-12）. 参数|journal=与模板{{cite magazine}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite journal}}或|magazine=） (帮助)

[2015MNRAS.453.2885R-6] [6]
Gone without a bang: An archival HST survey for disappearing massive stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 July 2015, 453 (3): 2885–2900 (November 2015). Bibcode:2015MNRAS.453.2885R. arXiv:1507.05823 . doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1809.

[2015MNRAS.450.3289G-7] [7]
Gerke, J. R.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z. The Search for Failed Supernovae with The Large Binocular Telescope: First Candidates. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 6 November 2014, 450 (3): 3289–3305 (July 2015). Bibcode:2015MNRAS.450.3289G. arXiv:1411.1761 . doi:10.1093/mnras/stv776.

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