吉茲亞 - Wikiwand

吉兹亚（阿拉伯语：جزية‎，罗马化：jizya）是一种曾经在伊斯兰国家向非穆斯林人民（齐米）实施的人头税，^[1]征税对象，通常是有体力当兵及有财力缴税的成年男子，不包括奴隶。

此条目需要补充更多来源。 (2011年2月4日)

《古兰经》第9章29节说：“当抵抗不信真主和末日，不遵真主及其使者的戒律，不奉真教的人，即曾受天经的人，你们要与他们战斗，直到他们依照自己的能力，规规矩矩地交纳丁税。”

穆斯林统治者容许缴纳了吉兹亚税的非穆斯林居民继续信仰其原有宗教，而非穆斯林也不需服兵役及不需缴交适用于穆斯林居民的天课。

历史

吉兹亚税的起源历史是相当复杂的，原因包括：^[2]

在古代历史文献中，“吉兹亚”一词的含义不尽相同，中世纪史家往往根据自己身处的时代对该词的定义来诠解。
阿拉伯征服者的征税制度并非一成不变，有时会因应时势而变更。

印度

在印度，伊斯兰统治者从11世纪开始征收吉兹亚税。阿克巴废除此税，但奥朗则布于1679年恢复向占人口大多数的印度教徒征收此税。^[3]税额按照被征税者的财产多寡而定，公务员、失明者、瘫痪者及贫民获豁免。^[2]有些历史学家认为征收此税是为了迫使印度教徒改信伊斯兰教。^[4]

现代

1997年，埃及穆斯林兄弟会领导人穆斯塔法·马什胡尔（英语：Mustafa Mashhur）提议重新向非穆斯林征收吉兹亚税，引起埃及科普特基督徒群起反对，提议后来被撤回。^[5]

21世纪兴起的伊斯兰国在其占领区向非穆斯林征收吉兹亚税，并威胁处死不改信伊斯兰教又不缴交该税的非穆斯林。^[6]依2014年初的规定，富有的成年男性每年需要缴交4个金第纳尔的吉兹亚税（4个第纳尔的黄金略多于半盎司），中等收入者减半，穷人又再减半。^[7]2015年有人以伊斯兰国的名义在瑞典多个城市向非穆斯林发出警告，要求他们改信伊斯兰教或缴交吉兹亚税，否则就要死。^[8]

参与叙利亚内战的另一主要恐怖组织努斯拉阵线也有意图将来在叙利亚建立伊斯兰国家后，向基督徒征收吉兹亚税。^[9]

2014年英国政府对国内在囚极端穆斯林的潜在威胁展开调查后，发现有极端穆斯林囚犯在监狱内使用欺凌手段，强迫非穆斯林囚犯向他们缴交吉兹亚税作为保护费或改信伊斯兰教。^[10]

参考资料

[1]
《大英百科全书》jizya词条，2011年，从 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304125/jizya （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）读取。
[2]
Cahen, Cl.; İnalcık, Halil; Hardy, P. "Ḏj̲izya." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online.
[3]
Manas: History and Politics, Aurangzeb. [2011-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-14）.
[4]
Sarkar, Jadunath. History of Aurangzeb, Vol 3. Calcutta. 1928: 249–50.
[5]
The Muslim Brotherhood uncovered. The Guardian. 2011-02-08 [2016-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-11）.
[6]
深度特写：支撑“伊斯兰国”的立国财源. BBC中文网. 2015-11-24 [2016-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-27）.
[7]
Militant Islamist group in Syria orders Christians to pay protection tax. The Telegraph. 2014-02-27 [2016-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.
[8]
Swedish police investigate 'ISIS notes' posted through letterboxes. Daily Mail Online. 2015-12-16 [2016-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-30）.
[9]
Syria not a launching pad for attacks on west says al-Nusra chief in TV interview. The Guardian. 2015-05-28. He said Christians living under the rule of al-Nusra were living in peace and that in a future state ruled by Islamic law, the financially capable would pay “jizya,” or tax reserved for non-Muslims.
[10]
Islamist extremists extort 'infidel tax' from fellow prisoners in British prisons. Daily Mail Online. 2015-11-01 [2016-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.

参考文献

Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur'an Printing Complex. 1991.
Abou Al-Fadl, Khaled. The Place of Tolerance in Islam. Beacon Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8070-0229-2.
Abdel-Haleem, Muhammad. The jizya Verse (Q. 9:29): Tax Enforcement on Non-Muslims in the First Muslim State. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 2012, 14 (2): 72–89. ISSN 1465-3591. doi:10.3366/jqs.2012.0056.
Aisha Y. Musa "jizya: Towards a Qur’ānically-based understanding of a Historically Problematic Term," in Transcendental Thought, November 2011.
Lambton, Ann. State and Government in Medieval Islam. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2013. ISBN 978-1-136-60521-5.
Cahen, Claude. Ḏj̲izzya. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2 2nd. Brill.
Bravmann, M. M. The spiritual background of early Islam studies in ancient Arab concepts. Leiden Boston: Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17200-5.
Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East, Westview Press, Nov 1, 1999. ISBN 0-8133-3489-6
Choudhury, Masudul Alam; Abdul Malik, Uzir (1992). The Foundations of Islamic Political Economy. Hampshire: The Macmillan Press. ISBN 0312068549.
Dennett, Daniel Clement. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Harvard University Press. 1950. ISBN 9780674331594.
Ellethy, Yaser. Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy: Classical and Modern Interpretations (Islamic Studies Series). Routledge. 2014. ISBN 978-1138800304.
Donner, Fred McGraw (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Princeton University Press.
Hoyland, Robert G. In Gods Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780190209650.
Narain, Harsh (1990). Jizyah and the spread of Islam. New Delhi: Voice of India.
Hunter, Shireen; Malik, Huma; Senturk, Recep (2005). Islam and Human Rights: Advancing a U.S.-Muslim Dialogue. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
H.R.H. Prince, Ghazi Muhammad; Ibrahim, Kalin; Mohammad Hashim, Kamali. War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad (PDF). The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Shaltut, Mahmoud. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad; Ibrahim Kalin; Mohammad Hashim Kamali , 编. The Qur'an and Combat (PDF). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Kalin, Ibrahim. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad; Ibrahim Kalin; Mohammad Hashim Kamali , 编. Islam and Peace: A Survey of the Sources of Peace in the Islamic Tradition (PDF). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Dagli, Caner. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad; Ibrahim Kalin; Mohammad Hashim Kamali , 编. Jihad and the Islamic Law of War (PDF). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-511233-7.
Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab lands : a history and source book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 1979. ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7.
Shah, Niaz A. Self-Defense in Islamic and International Law: Assessing Al-Qaeda and the Invasion of Iraq. Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 978-0230606180.
Goiten, S.D. "Evidence on the Muslim Poll Tax from Non-Muslim Sources", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1963, Vol. 6.
Walker Arnold, Thomas. Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Constable & Robinson Ltd. 1913.
Cohen, Mark R. Under crescent and cross : the Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-13931-9.
Seed, Patricia. Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640, Cambridge University Press, Oct 27, 1995, ISBN 0-521-49757-4.
Tritton, A. S. Caliphs and their non-Muslim subjects : a critical study of the covenant of ʻUmar. London New York: Routledge. 2008. ISBN 978-0-415-61181-7.
Watt, William Montgomery (1980), Islamic Political Thought: The Basic Concepts (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

外部链接

维基语录上的吉兹亚语录

Jizya （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Encyclopædia Britannica

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Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur'an Printing Complex. 1991.
Abou Al-Fadl, Khaled. The Place of Tolerance in Islam. Beacon Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8070-0229-2.
Abdel-Haleem, Muhammad. The jizya Verse (Q. 9:29): Tax Enforcement on Non-Muslims in the First Muslim State. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 2012, 14 (2): 72–89. ISSN 1465-3591. doi:10.3366/jqs.2012.0056.
Aisha Y. Musa "jizya: Towards a Qur’ānically-based understanding of a Historically Problematic Term," in Transcendental Thought, November 2011.
Lambton, Ann. State and Government in Medieval Islam. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2013. ISBN 978-1-136-60521-5.
Cahen, Claude. Ḏj̲izzya. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2 2nd. Brill.
Bravmann, M. M. The spiritual background of early Islam studies in ancient Arab concepts. Leiden Boston: Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17200-5.
Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East, Westview Press, Nov 1, 1999. ISBN 0-8133-3489-6
Choudhury, Masudul Alam; Abdul Malik, Uzir (1992). The Foundations of Islamic Political Economy. Hampshire: The Macmillan Press. ISBN 0312068549.
Dennett, Daniel Clement. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Harvard University Press. 1950. ISBN 9780674331594.
Ellethy, Yaser. Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy: Classical and Modern Interpretations (Islamic Studies Series). Routledge. 2014. ISBN 978-1138800304.
Donner, Fred McGraw (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Princeton University Press.
Hoyland, Robert G. In Gods Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780190209650.
Narain, Harsh (1990). Jizyah and the spread of Islam. New Delhi: Voice of India.
Hunter, Shireen; Malik, Huma; Senturk, Recep (2005). Islam and Human Rights: Advancing a U.S.-Muslim Dialogue. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
H.R.H. Prince, Ghazi Muhammad; Ibrahim, Kalin; Mohammad Hashim, Kamali. War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad (PDF). The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Shaltut, Mahmoud. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad; Ibrahim Kalin; Mohammad Hashim Kamali , 编. The Qur'an and Combat (PDF). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Kalin, Ibrahim. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad; Ibrahim Kalin; Mohammad Hashim Kamali , 编. Islam and Peace: A Survey of the Sources of Peace in the Islamic Tradition (PDF). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Dagli, Caner. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad; Ibrahim Kalin; Mohammad Hashim Kamali , 编. Jihad and the Islamic Law of War (PDF). War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-903682-83-8.
Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-511233-7.
Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab lands : a history and source book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 1979. ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7.
Shah, Niaz A. Self-Defense in Islamic and International Law: Assessing Al-Qaeda and the Invasion of Iraq. Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 978-0230606180.
Goiten, S.D. "Evidence on the Muslim Poll Tax from Non-Muslim Sources", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1963, Vol. 6.
Walker Arnold, Thomas. Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Constable & Robinson Ltd. 1913.
Cohen, Mark R. Under crescent and cross : the Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-13931-9.
Seed, Patricia. Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640, Cambridge University Press, Oct 27, 1995, ISBN 0-521-49757-4.
Tritton, A. S. Caliphs and their non-Muslim subjects : a critical study of the covenant of ʻUmar. London New York: Routledge. 2008. ISBN 978-0-415-61181-7.
Watt, William Montgomery (1980), Islamic Political Thought: The Basic Concepts (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).