伸展构造

伸展构造（英语：Extensional tectonics）是指在地壳或岩石圈受张力而造成的构造。通常在大陆裂谷 ^[1]. 中洋脊，弧后盆地，分离板块边缘和被动边缘等皆能形成伸展构造^[2]。最常见的是在铲形断层内的滚动背斜（英语：rollover anticline）和背脊塌垮地堑^[3]。在走滑断层也有伸展构造，如伸展走滑体系（英语：releasing bends of strike-slip fault）。它是当走滑断层沿走向错开时，中间的间隙，会产生了一个延伸或扩张带^[4]。在聚合板块边缘，通常伸展构造较少，但当大陆碰撞时，地壳增厚抬升，由于重力垮塌，向侧延申也形成伸展构造^{[5] [6]}。

地垒和地堑是标准伸展构造。红色箭头代表伸展方向.

参考文献

1. Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009). "Continental rifts and rifted margins". Global Tectonics. WileyBlackwell. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-4443-0322-3
2. Park, R. G. (1997). Foundations of Structural Geology (3rd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7487-5802-9
3. White, R. S.; Hardman, R. F. P.; Watts, A. B.; Whitmarsh, R. B.; Ebinger, C. J.; Jackson, J. A.; Foster, A. N.; Hayward, N. J. (15 April 1999). "Extensional basin geometry and the elastic lithosphere". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 357 (1753): 741–765. doi:10.1098/rsta.1999.0351. JSTOR 55068
4. Armijo, R.; Meyer, B.; Navarro, S.; King, G.; Barka, A. (2002), "Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault?" (PDF), Terra Nova, Wiley-Blackwell, 14 (2): 80–86, Bibcode:2002TeNov..14...80A, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.546.4111, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x
5. Dunlap, J. W.; Fossen, H. (1998). "Early Paleozoic orogenic collapse, tectonic stability, and late Paleozoic continental rifting revealed through thermochronology of K-feldspars, southern Norway" (PDF). Tectonics. 17 (4): 604–620. Bibcode:1998Tecto..17..604D. doi:10.1029/98TC01603
6. Hartz, E. H.; Andresen, A.; Hodges, K. V.; Martin, M. W. (July 2000). "U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar constraints on the Fjord Region Detachment Zone: A long-lived extensional fault in the central East Greenland Caledonides" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 157 (4): 795–809. doi:10.1144/jgs.157.4.795. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02