路德维希·爱德华·玻尔兹曼(德语:Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann;1844年2月20日—1906年9月5日)是奥地利物理学家、哲学家。作为物理学家,他最伟大的功绩是发展了通过原子性质(如原子量、电荷量、结构等)来解释预测物质物理性质(如黏性、热传导、扩散等)的统计力学,并且从统计概念出发,完美阐释了热力学第二定律。
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路德维希·玻尔兹曼 Ludwig Boltzmann
路德维希·玻尔兹曼
出生
路德维希·爱德华·玻尔兹曼 Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-02-20)1844年2月20日 奥地利帝国维也纳
"Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) along with Nernst[,] Arrhenius, and Meitner must be considered among Boltzmann’s most outstanding students."—Jäger, Gustav; Nabl, Josef; Meyer, Stephan. Three Assistants on Boltzmann. Synthese. April 1999, 119 (1–2): 69–84. doi:10.1023/A:1005239104047.
熵的另外一个定义是由克劳德·艾尔伍德·香农于1948年引入。[1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 这一定义虽然是针对信息论提出,但可以在所有科学领域应用。当概率均匀分布时,这个定义可以还原为玻尔兹曼的定义,但只有在不同时才有实际应用意义。Its virtue is that it yields immediate results without resorting to factorials or Stirling's approximation. Similar formulas are found, however, as far back as the work of Boltzmann, and explicitly in Gibbs (see reference).
Boltzmann, L. (1974). The second law of thermodynamics. Populare Schriften, Essay 3, address to a formal meeting of the Imperial Academy of Science, 29 May 1886, reprinted in Ludwig Boltzmann, Theoretical
physics and philosophical problem, S. G. Brush (Trans.). Boston: Reidel. (Original work published 1886)
Boltzmann, L. (1974). The second law of thermodynamics. p. 20
Roman Sexl & John Blackmore (eds.), "Ludwig Boltzmann – Ausgewahlte Abhandlungen", (Ludwig Boltzmann Gesamtausgabe, Band 8), Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1982.
John Blackmore (ed.), "Ludwig Boltzmann – His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900–1906, Book One: A Documentary History", Kluwer, 1995. ISBN 978-0-7923-3231-2
John Blackmore, "Ludwig Boltzmann – His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900–1906, Book Two: The Philosopher", Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1995. ISBN 978-0-7923-3464-4
John Blackmore (ed.), "Ludwig Boltzmann – Troubled Genius as Philosopher", in Synthese, Volume 119, Nos. 1 & 2, 1999, pp. 1–232.
Brush, Stephen G. (ed. & tr.), Boltzmann, Lectures on Gas Theory, Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press, 1964
Brush, Stephen G. (ed.), Kinetic Theory, New York: Pergamon Press, 1965
Everdell, William R. The First Moderns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1997.
P. Ehrenfest & T. Ehrenfest (1911) "Begriffliche Grundlagen der statistischen Auffassung in der Mechanik", in Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluß ihrer Anwendungen Band IV, 2. Teil ( F. Klein and C. Müller (eds.). Leipzig: Teubner, pp. 3–90. Translated as The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics. New York: Cornell University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-486-49504-0
Klein, Martin J. The Development of Boltzmann’s Statistical Ideas. E.G.D. Cohen and W. Thirring (eds) (编). The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications. Acta physica Austriaca Suppl. 10. Wien: Springer. 1973: 53–106. ISBN 0-387-81137-0.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard. Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of thermodynamics. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1902.