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癌症标志物又称肿瘤标志物，是由癌细胞直接产生或由非癌细胞经癌细胞诱导产生（人体对癌细胞的反应）的物质（生物标记）[1]。癌症标志物存在于人们的血液、尿液或组织中。对于肿瘤标志物的检测可对肿瘤存在、发病过程及预后作出判断。每个肿瘤标志物对应的癌症有所不同。肿瘤标志物水平升高可能表明患有癌症，然而也可能有其他原因导致升高。
癌症标志物可回答的问题：
- 预后：这种癌症可能继续生长？
- 诊断：我患了何种癌症？
- 预测：这种药是针对我患癌症的最佳用药吗？
- 药效学：对我来说此药的最佳用量是多少？
- 复发：癌症会再次发作吗？
| 肿瘤标志物 | 有关的癌症 |
|---|---|
| Α-胎儿蛋白 (AFP) | 生殖细胞瘤, 肝细胞癌[2] |
| CA 15-3 | 乳癌[3] |
| CA27.29 | 乳癌[4] |
| CA19-9 | 胰脏癌、大肠癌、胃肠道癌.[5] |
| CA-125 | 卵巢癌,[6]、子宫内膜癌, 输卵管瘤, 肺癌, 乳癌和胃肠道癌.[7]、子宫内膜异位症.[8] |
| 降钙素 | 甲状腺髓质癌 |
| Calretinin | 间皮瘤, 性腺间质肿瘤, adrenocortical carcinoma, 滑膜肉瘤[2] |
| 癌胚抗原 | 胃肠道癌, 子宫颈癌, 肺癌, 卵巢癌, 乳癌, urinary tract cancer[2] |
| CD34 | hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, 多形性脂肪瘤, 胃肠道基质肿瘤, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans[2] |
| CD99MIC 2 | 尤文氏肉瘤, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, 滑膜肉瘤, 淋巴瘤, 白血病, 性腺间质肿瘤[2] |
| CD117 | 胃肠道基质肿瘤, mastocytosis, seminoma[2] |
| Chromogranin | 神经内分泌肿瘤[2] |
| Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21 | 膀胱癌[9] |
| Cytokeratin (TPA, TPS, Cyfra21-1) | 癌、肉瘤[2] |
| Desmin | smooth muscle sarcoma, 横纹肌肉瘤, endometrial stromal sarcoma[2] |
| Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) | 癌、meningioma、肉瘤[2] |
| Factor VIII, CD31 FL1 | vascular sarcoma[2] |
| Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) | 神经胶质瘤 (astrocytoma, ependymoma)[2] |
| Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15) | 乳癌, 卵巢癌, salivary gland cancer[2] |
| hPG80 | 乳癌, 卵巢癌, 前列腺癌, 肾癌, 大肠癌, 肝癌 |
| HMB-45 | 黑色素瘤, PEComa (例如 angiomyolipoma), clear cell adenocarcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma[2] |
| 人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (hCG) | 妊娠滋养细胞疾病, 生殖细胞瘤, 绒毛膜癌[2] |
| 抗体 | 淋巴瘤, 白血病[2] |
| 激活素与抑制素 | 性腺间质肿瘤, adrenocortical carcinoma, hemangioblastoma[2] |
| 角蛋白 | 癌, 肉瘤[2] |
| 淋巴细胞 | 淋巴瘤, 白血病[2] |
| MART-1 (Melan-A) | 黑色素瘤,adrenocortical carcinoma、gonadal tumor[2] |
| Myo D1 | 横纹肌肉瘤, small, round, blue cell tumour[2] |
| muscle-specific actin (MSA) | myosarcoma (平滑肌肉瘤, 横纹肌肉瘤)[2] |
| neurofilament | 神经内分泌肿瘤, 小细胞癌[2] |
| neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | 神经内分泌肿瘤, 小细胞癌, 乳癌[2] |
| placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) | seminoma, 无性细胞瘤, 胚胎性癌[2] |
| 前列腺特异抗原 (PSA) | 前列腺[2] |
| 蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶C型受体 (CD45) | 淋巴瘤, 白血病, histiocytic sarcoma[2] |
| S100蛋白 | 黑色素瘤, 肉瘤 (neurosarcoma, 脂肪瘤, chondrosarcoma), astrocytoma, 胃肠道基质肿瘤, salivary gland cancer, adenocarcinoma, histiocytic tumor (树突状细胞, 巨噬细胞)[2] |
| smooth muscle actin (SMA) | 胃肠道基质肿瘤, 平滑肌肉瘤, PEComa[2] |
| 突触素 | 神经内分泌肿瘤[2] |
| 胸苷激酶 | 淋巴瘤, 白血病, 肺癌, 前列腺癌 |
| thyroglobulin (Tg) | 甲状腺癌[2] |
| thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) | 甲状腺癌, 肺癌[2] |
| Tumor M2-PK | 大肠癌,[10] 乳癌,[11][12] renal cell carcinoma[13][14] 肺癌,[15][16] 胰脏癌,[17] 食道癌,[18] 胃癌,[18]子宫颈癌,[19] 卵巢癌,[20] |
| 波形蛋白 | 肉瘤, renal cell carcinoma, 子宫内膜癌, 肺癌, 淋巴瘤, 白血病, 黑色素瘤[2] |
| 肿瘤类型 | 生物标志物 |
|---|---|
| 乳腺 | ER（雌激素受体）[21][22] |
| HER-2/neu[21][22] | |
| 结直肠 | EGFR[21][22] |
| KRAS[21][23] | |
| UGT1A1[21][23] | |
| 胃 | HER-2/neu[21] |
| 胃肠道基质肿瘤 | c-KIT[21][24] |
| 白血病/淋巴瘤 | CD20抗原[21][25] |
| CD30[21][26] | |
| FIP1L1-PDGRFα[21][27] | |
| PDGFR[21][28] | |
| 费城染色体（BCR/ABL）[21][29][30] | |
| PML/RARα[21][31] | |
| TPMT[21][32] | |
| UGT1A1[21][33] | |
| 肺 | ALK[21][34][35] |
| EGFR[21][22] | |
| KRAS[21][22] | |
| 黑色素瘤 | BRAF[21][35] |
生物标志物的其它例子：
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