极端民族主义

极端民族主义（英语：Ultranationalism）是一种意识形态，和传统民族主义的概念完全不同，强调某个国家或民族在政治、经济和社会领域的利益与统治地位。通常表现为对自己族群的优越感和极端支持，同时将其他国家，种族，宗教或文化社群视为敌对与次等，并加以歧视，排斥和仇恨，进而引发种族主义和迫害等问题。极端民族主义往往伴随着侵略性和暴力倾向，可能采取战争或种族清洗等极端手段以实现政治目标，它与国家复兴的概念共同构成了法西斯主义的关键基础。^[1]

加略斯·布加杰斯基（英语：Janusz Bugajski）认为，民族主义在最极端或发展到终极形态时，类似于法西斯主义，其特点是仇外蔑视，支持专制政治并靠近极权主义，强调魅力型领袖，一个组织上无定形的运动型政党，以及国家之间的“有机统一”。 ^[2]

罗杰·格里芬（英语：Roger Griffin）指出，极端民族主义本质上是仇外的，并且会通过神化自己历史上的伟大成就，或者强调对历史宿敌的仇恨来实现自身的合法化。它有时还会利用庸俗的体质人类学、遗传学和优生学来对种族优越感和种族前途做合理化解释，并衬托其他种族的堕落和劣等的观念。 ^[3]

极端民族主义政党

二战后被认为过是极端民族主义者的政党：

•  澳大利亚: 一国党^[4]

•  奥地利: 奥地利自由党^[5][6][7]

•  比利时: 弗拉芒利益^[8][9]

•  保加利亚: 保加利亚复兴党（英语：Revival (Bulgarian political party)）^[10][11][12]、攻击（英语：Attack (political party))）^[13]、IMRO-保加利亚民族运动（英语：IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement）^[14][15]、拯救保加利亚民族阵线（英语：National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria）^[14]

•  波黑: 塞尔维亚族民主党^[16][17]

•  柬埔寨: 柬埔寨共产党^[18]

•  中国：中国共产党^[19][20][21]

•  克罗地亚: 国土运动（英语：Homeland Movement (Croatia)）^[22]、克罗地亚民主共同体^[23]、克罗地亚纯权力党（英语：Croatian Pure Party of Rights）^[23]、克罗地亚权力党（英语：Croatian Party of Rights）^[23]
•  塞浦路斯: 埃拉姆语（英语：ELAM (Cyprus)）^[24][25]

•  捷克: 自由和直接民主^[26]

•  丹麦: 丹麦人民党^[27][28][29]

•  爱沙尼亚: 爱沙尼亚保守人民党^[30][31][32]

•  法国: 法国国民联盟^[33]

•  芬兰: 正统芬兰人党^[34]

•  德国: 德国选择党^[35][36]

•  希腊: 希腊方案^[37]、人民协会－金色黎明^[38][39][40]

•  匈牙利: 我们的家园运动（英语：Our Homeland Movement）^[41]、尤比克争取更好的匈牙利运动^[42][43][44]

•  印度: 湿婆军^[45]、印度人民党^{[46][47][48][49]}

•  印度尼西亚: 专业集团党^[50]

•  以色列: 宗教锡安主义者党^[51]、凯煦^[52]

•  意大利: 意大利兄弟党^[53][54]

•  日本: 自民党 ^{[55][56][57][58]}

•  北马其顿: 马其顿内部革命组织－马其顿民族统一民主党^[59]

•  缅甸: 联邦巩固与发展党^[60][61]

•  菲律宾: 新社会运动党（英语：Kilusang Bagong Lipunan）^[62]

•  波兰: 波兰民族运动党^[63]

•  中华民国：中国国民党^[64]、民主进步党^{[65][66][67][68]}、台湾基进党^[69][70]

•  罗马尼亚: 罗马尼亚人团结联盟^[71][72]

•  俄罗斯: 俄罗斯自由民主党^[73]、全俄政党“祖国”^[74]

•  塞尔维亚: 塞尔维亚誓言者党（英语：Serbian Party Oathkeepers）^[75][76]、Dveri（英语：Dveri）^[77][78][79]、塞尔维亚复兴运动（英语：Serbian Renewal Movement）^[80]、 塞尔维亚激进党^[81]、塞尔维亚统一党（英语：Party of Serbian Unity）^[82][83][84]

•  南非: 经济自由斗士^[85][86]、国民党^[87]

•  斯洛伐克: 我们的斯洛伐克人民党（英语：People's Party Our Slovakia）^[88]、斯洛伐克民族党^[89][90][91]

•  韩国: 韩国全国青年协会（英语：Korean National Youth Association）^[92]

•  西班牙: 呼声^[93][94]、传统主义西班牙国家工团主义进攻委员会方阵^[95]

•  瑞典: 瑞典民主党^[96][97][98]

•  瑞士: 瑞士人民党^[99]

•  土耳其: 民族主义行动党^[100][101]、土耳其大团结党（英语：Great Unity Party）^[102]

•  乌克兰: 自由党^{[103][104][105]}、右区^{[106][107][108]}

参见

• 极右派
• 民族主义
• 超国家主义

参考

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