极端民族主义

极端民族主义（英语：Ultranationalism）是一种意识形态，和传统民族主义的概念完全不同，强调某个国家或民族在政治、经济和社会领域的利益与统治地位。通常表现为对自己族群的优越感和极端支持，同时将其他国家，种族，宗教或文化社群视为敌对与次等，并加以歧视，排斥和仇恨，进而引发种族主义和迫害等问题。极端民族主义往往伴随着侵略性和暴力倾向，可能采取战争或种族清洗等极端手段以实现政治目标，它与国家复兴的概念共同构成了法西斯主义的关键基础。^[1]

加略斯·布加杰斯基（英语：Janusz Bugajski）认为，民族主义在最极端或发展到终极形态时，类似于法西斯主义，其特点是仇外蔑视，支持专制政治并靠近极权主义，强调魅力型领袖，一个组织上无定形的运动型政党，以及国家之间的“有机统一”。 ^[2]

罗杰·格里芬（英语：Roger Griffin）指出，极端民族主义本质上是仇外的，并且会通过神化自己历史上的伟大成就，或者强调对历史宿敌的仇恨来实现自身的合法化。它有时还会利用庸俗的体质人类学、遗传学和优生学来对种族优越感和种族前途做合理化解释，并衬托其他种族的堕落和劣等的观念。 ^[3]

极端民族主义政党

二战后被认为过是极端民族主义者的政党：

•  澳大利亚：一国党^[4]

•  奥地利：奥地利自由党^[5][6][7]

•  比利时：弗拉芒利益^[8][9]

•  保加利亚：保加利亚复兴党（英语：Revival (Bulgarian political party)）^[10][11][12]、攻击（英语：Attack (political party))）^[13]、IMRO-保加利亚民族运动（英语：IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement）^[14][15]、拯救保加利亚民族阵线（英语：National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria）^[14]

•  波黑：塞尔维亚族民主党^[16][17]

•  民主柬埔寨：柬埔寨共产党^[18]

•  中华人民共和国：中国共产党^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

•  克罗地亚：国土运动（英语：Homeland Movement (Croatia)）^[24]、克罗地亚民主共同体^[25]、克罗地亚纯权力党（英语：Croatian Pure Party of Rights）^[25]、克罗地亚权力党（英语：Croatian Party of Rights）^[25]
•  塞浦路斯：埃拉姆语（英语：ELAM (Cyprus)）^[26][27]

•  捷克：自由和直接民主^[28]

•  丹麦：丹麦人民党^[29][30][31]

•  爱沙尼亚：爱沙尼亚保守人民党^[32][33][34]

•  法国：法国国民联盟^[35]

•  芬兰：正统芬兰人党^[36]

•  德国：德国选择党^[37][38]

•  希腊：希腊方案^[39]、人民协会－金色黎明^[40][41][42]

•  匈牙利：我们的家园运动（英语：Our Homeland Movement）^[43]、尤比克争取更好的匈牙利运动^[44][45][46]

•  印度：湿婆军^[47]、印度人民党^{[48][49][50][51]}

•  印度尼西亚：专业集团党^[52]

•  以色列：宗教锡安主义者党^[53]、凯煦^[54]

•  意大利：意大利兄弟党^[55][56]

•  日本：自由民主党 ^{[57][58][59][60]}

•  北马其顿：马其顿内部革命组织－马其顿民族统一民主党^[61]

•  缅甸联邦共和国：联邦巩固与发展党^[62][63]

•  菲律宾：新社会运动党（英语：Kilusang Bagong Lipunan）^[64]

•  波兰：波兰民族运动党^[65]

•  中华民国：中国国民党^[66]、民主进步党^{[67][68][69][70]}、台湾基进党^[71][72]

•  罗马尼亚：罗马尼亚人团结联盟^[73][74]

•  俄罗斯：俄罗斯自由民主党^[75]、全俄政党“祖国”^[76]

•  塞尔维亚：塞尔维亚誓言者党（英语：Serbian Party Oathkeepers）^[77][78]、Dveri（英语：Dveri）^[79][80][81]、塞尔维亚复兴运动（英语：Serbian Renewal Movement）^[82]、 塞尔维亚激进党^[83]、塞尔维亚统一党（英语：Party of Serbian Unity）^[84][85][86]

•  南非：经济自由斗士^[87][88]、国民党^[89]

•  斯洛伐克：我们的斯洛伐克人民党（英语：People's Party Our Slovakia）^[90]、斯洛伐克民族党^[91][92][93]

•  大韩民国：韩国全国青年协会（英语：Korean National Youth Association）^[94]

•  西班牙：呼声^[95][96]、传统主义西班牙国家工团主义进攻委员会方阵^[97]

•  瑞典：瑞典民主党^{[98][99][100]}

•  瑞士：瑞士人民党^[101]

•  土耳其：民族主义行动党^[102][103]、土耳其大团结党（英语：Great Unity Party）^[104]

•  乌克兰：自由党^{[105][106][107]}、右区^{[108][109][110]}

参见

• 极右派
• 民族主义
• 超国家主义

参考

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