条约型战列舰指美国、英国、日本、法国和意大利等五国1922年至1936年12月31日期间根据三个《限制海军军备条约》而设计、建造的战列舰。这三个限制海军军备条约是《华盛顿海军条约》(美国、英国、日本、法国和意大利于1922年签订)、《伦敦海军条约》(英国、美国、日本于1930年签订)和《第二次伦敦海军条约》(美国、英国、法国于1936年签订)。
在第一次世界大战后,战胜国曾因为维护自身的利益而进行近乎疯狂的海军竞赛,当时各国为了避免军备竞赛拖垮内政而签订,海军条约而严格限制各国大型军舰数量;但是战舰有使用年限的限制,为了替换老旧舰只,条约允许服役20年的战舰可以以1:1的方式用新战舰取代。
战舰尺寸限制在标准排水量35000吨以下,主炮口径16英寸以下,随后伦敦条约也继承了这项规定,但是第二次伦敦海军协定大部分国家因为以限制不合理的理由退出后,条约主要推广国家英国、美国因条款允许排水量放宽到45000吨,但是放宽限制的涵义代表条约已名存实亡,不久后二战爆发,条约国必须以更强的武装去面对冲突,遵守条约也变得没有任何意义了。
由于总重量的限制,各国必须开发更多的新技术去满足同吨位下的需求,同时也存在各种指标战力的妥协,这个年代的战舰的特点就是在先进中具备着矛盾,故开战后此时期服役的战舰多得进行改装满足实际需求。
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