幼态延续

幼态延续或幼态持续（英语：neoteny 或 juvenilization）^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]，是指生物体（通常是动物）的生理（或体细胞，英语：somatic）的延迟或减缓发育，即幼体特征的保留，如蝾螈所呈现。^[6]^[7]^[8]它在现代人类中被发现（与其他灵长类动物相比）。^[9]^[10]^[11]即某些成年人保留了只在年轻人中看到的特征。这种保留在演化生物学、驯化和演化发育生物学中很重要。

与非人类灵长类动物相比，人类的幼态延续是身体发育的减慢或延迟，导致头部大、脸平和手臂相对较短等特征。这些幼态的变化可能是由人类演化中的性选择引起的。反过来，它们可能有助于人类能力的发展，例如情感交流。然而，人类也有相对较大的鼻子和较长的腿，两者都是非幼态特征。一些演化理论家提出，幼态是人类演化的一个关键特征。^[12] 约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹指出，“人类的主要演化趋势”是“儿童期的延长和成熟期的延迟。”^[5] Delbert Duane Thiessen称“随着早期灵长类动物演化为晚期形式，幼态延续变得更加明显”，且灵长类动物的面部形状的演化趋势朝向扁平化。^[13] Doug Jones 认为，人类演化向幼态的趋势可能是由人类演化中的性选择引起的对年轻女性面部进行性选择的产品”。^[14]

[1]
Template:Cite Dictionary.com
[2]
neoteny. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. [April 21, 2019].
[3]
neoteny. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
[4]
neoteny. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [April 21, 2019].
[5]
Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.
[6]
Whiteman, H.H. Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1994, 69 (2): 205–221. doi:10.1086/418540.
[7]
Schell, S. C. Handbook of Trematodes of North America North of Mexico, 1985, pg. 22
[8]
Ginetsinskaya, T.A. Trematodes, Their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka 1968. Translated in 1988, [1].
[9]
Choi, Charles Q. Being More Infantile May Have Led to Bigger Brains. Scientific American. 1 July 2009 [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-08）.
[10]
Volkenstein, M. V. 1994. Physical Approaches to Biological Evolution. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, [2].
[11]
Ridley, Mark. Evolution. Blackwell. 1985 [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.
[12]
Shea, Brian T. Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1989, 32 (S10): 69–101. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505.
[13]
Thiessen, D.D. (1997). Bittersweet destiny: the stormy evolution of human behavior. Transaction Publishers, N.J.
[14]
Jones, D.; et al. Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology. 1995, 36 (5): 723–748 [2022-01-22]. doi:10.1086/204427. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）.

[1] [1]
Template:Cite Dictionary.com

[2] [2]
neoteny. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. [April 21, 2019].

[3] [3]
neoteny. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.

[4] [4]
neoteny. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [April 21, 2019].

[Montagu-5] [5]
Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.

[6] [6]
Whiteman, H.H. Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1994, 69 (2): 205–221. doi:10.1086/418540.

[Schell-7] [7]
Schell, S. C. Handbook of Trematodes of North America North of Mexico, 1985, pg. 22

[8] [8]
Ginetsinskaya, T.A. Trematodes, Their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka 1968. Translated in 1988, [1].

[9] [9]
Choi, Charles Q. Being More Infantile May Have Led to Bigger Brains. Scientific American. 1 July 2009 [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-08）.

[10] [10]
Volkenstein, M. V. 1994. Physical Approaches to Biological Evolution. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, [2].

[Ridley-11] [11]
Ridley, Mark. Evolution. Blackwell. 1985 [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26）.

[12] [12]
Shea, Brian T. Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1989, 32 (S10): 69–101. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505.

[Bitter-13] [13]
Thiessen, D.D. (1997). Bittersweet destiny: the stormy evolution of human behavior. Transaction Publishers, N.J.

[DJones-14] [14]
Jones, D.; et al. Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology. 1995, 36 (5): 723–748 [2022-01-22]. doi:10.1086/204427. （原始内容存档于2022-05-06）.

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幼态延续

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幼态延续

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在现代人类中

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